Overhaul of the premises, construction of buildings and roads are a set of works and activities that lead to results. Construction and installation work is the basis of the construction industry, without which it is impossible to build and repair buildings and buildings.

CMR (Construction and installation works) is a set of works aimed at the construction of buildings and structures, repair and reconstruction, installation and installation of equipment. The scale of the focus of tasks and means of execution is huge and one company cannot deal with all types of construction and installation works.

Types of construction and installation works (CEW)

SMR is divided into several main types:

■ general construction;

■ transport and handling (delivery of materials, devices and equipment);

■ special (with a special type of material).

General construction work includes a range of works:

■ excavation (digging holes, trenches, pits), pile (driving, installation of pile foundations) and stone works (building walls, laying stone, etc.);

■ roofing (arrangement of attic spaces, roofs), plastering (painting, pasting) and insulating;

■ installation of floors, engineering networks and communications;

■ works on the installation of wooden, concrete and reinforced concrete, light enclosing structures;

■ arrangement of the territory;

■ work on the installation of technological equipment;

■ commissioning, etc.

Features of construction and installation works

The most important thing in construction and installation works is the quality, which directly depends on a competent organization, the interaction of links among themselves and the professionalism of specialists. At the start, the implementation of construction and installation works plays an important role in planning and control, and at the end - high-quality production of construction and installation works.

The most important thing in construction and installation works is the initial stage, namely organization and preparation, since making a mistake can lead to danger for everyone working on the site and to costly correction of defects. It is also important to purchase only proven and high-quality materials.

Construction and installation work is a competent and consistent implementation of all stages of construction and installation work.

As we wrote earlier, it is important to pay attention to the organization of work, so the first stage of the construction of buildings and structures is to carry out the project. The project, as a rule, includes a calendar plan, a master plan and an explanatory note. For a more detailed review of these projects, you can see here. Also, for complex buildings, technological maps are performed, where safety precautions, main stages, etc. are prescribed.

Calculation of construction and installation works includes direct costs (the cost of materials, the cost of specialists), overhead costs (administrative and economic) and planned savings.

The bulk of large and medium-sized projects, one way or another, is connected with the construction of industrial and agricultural facilities, housing, bridges, roads, etc. The buildings being erected are either in themselves the goal of the plan, or are its integral part, without which the continuation of the project is impossible. As a rule, the largest volume of financial and material resources expended falls on construction and installation work. Accordingly, the regulation of this activity in the legislation occupies a special place.

What does SMR mean and how are they regulated

Construction as such includes a wide range of concepts. This is not only the erection of new buildings and buildings, but also their repair (current and capital), restoration, reconstruction and renovation. The process itself is multifaceted and consists of the following stages:

• organizational (market research, development of the project concept, selection of the customer and contractor);
• survey (geodesic, geological, environmental, geotechnical, hydrometeorological);
• design (preparation of design and);
• phase of material support (procurement of necessary products and raw materials, their transportation to the sites);
• construction and assembly (preparatory, basic and finishing);
• commissioning (control measures and carrying out the necessary tests).

There are several interpretations of the term "construction and installation work", depending on the dictionary, reference book or legislative act where this term is mentioned. At the same time, they all agree that construction and installation works in construction is a certain list of operations aimed at erecting new buildings, premises and installing (installing) the necessary equipment in them (ventilation, heating, gas and water systems, sewerage, etc.). ). For abbreviation in technical documentation, the abbreviation CMP is more often used, rather than the full name.

The main document regulating all construction and installation activities in Russia is SNiP, which stands for Construction Norms and Rules.

It includes five sections:

1. General questions, classification and terminology. Management, organization and economics.
2. Requirements and standards for the design of structures, foundations and equipment.
3. Preparation, execution and acceptance of performed operations. Recommendations for SMR.
4. Standards for the preparation of estimates for all types of operations with explanations.
5. Norms of labor and material costs, prices for manipulations.

Also, the production of building materials, structures and products is regulated by GOST (State Standards), developed by government agencies and scientists. GOSTs are approved by Gosstandart and Gosstroy of the Russian Federation. For certain technologies and materials, especially new ones, manufacturers develop specifications (technical specifications) that are agreed with state institutions. With the development of best practices and new technologies, the entire regulatory framework is regularly reviewed and amended.

Existing species

The construction of a new building or its deep reconstruction requires a huge number of actions of different directions and intensity using the whole variety of materials and specialized equipment. Construction can be carried out in several different ways:

• contractor(the most common in Russia), when all operations are performed by specialized organizations in accordance with the agreement concluded with the customer;
• economic when the entire volume of construction and installation works is carried out by the forces of the enterprise's own divisions;
• mixed when one part of the operations is carried out independently, and contractors are invited for the other.

Based on the focus and expected result, the following main types of construction and installation works are distinguished:

• general construction;
• transport;
• unloading and loading;
• special.

Usually, installation or construction work is distinguished depending on which operations prevail at a particular stage. Assembly are activities using ready-made parts or parts, for example, installation of power wiring and other cables, reinforced concrete and metal structures, various equipment (pumping, energy, transport, technological), painting and insulation of pipelines.

General construction actions, based on the processed materials and the erected structural elements, are divided into the following types:

Some of these actions are combined into the term "zero cycle" familiar to every builder. It represents the initial phase of construction and includes the preparation of the construction site and access roads to it, excavation, laying the foundation. The zero cycle ends when the underground part of the building is erected and engineering networks are carried out. After it, the above-ground and finishing cycles follow.

Special actions include actions performed in a special way or with special materials that require specific knowledge and skills. These include, for example, the installation of complex devices and systems, elevators, telephone lines, the lining of units with refractory or acid-resistant masonry, and the installation of mine shafts.

Loading and unloading and transport manipulations involve the delivery to the workplace of structural elements and parts of various sizes, tools and necessary equipment. Due to the variety of transported goods, specialized equipment is used, such as panel carriers, trailers, dump trucks, conveyors, loaders, excavators, cranes.

Sometimes procurement operations are also distinguished, consisting in the manufacture of semi-finished products (concrete mix, reinforcing cage, mortar, prefabricated structures, including SKDs). Depending on the required volumes and the complexity of manufacturing, they can be produced both by specialized enterprises (such as a plant for reinforced concrete products) and directly at the construction site.

In addition to the erection of buildings, the list of construction operations also includes landscaping and gardening, land reclamation, dredging, the creation of environmental structures (anti-landslide, anti-erosion, anti-mudflow), bank protection, drilling, pumping water, etc.

Contractual relationship

Considering the complexity and variety of activities carried out during the implementation of a project, especially a large one (construction of an industrial complex, military or agricultural facility), it is necessary to hire contractors to perform all the necessary actions. Some of them cover most of the general construction processes, others specialize in certain areas that require special equipment and trained professional personnel.

Accordingly, the most common type of agreement is a work contract that has two contracting parties:

• the customer, authorized by the investor, who sets the parameters for carrying out certain processes, accepts the results and pays for them;
• a contractor who fulfills the requirements of the customer within the agreed time frame.

The parties to the agreement may be legal entities, individuals or third parties acting on behalf and in the interests of the customer. Contractors are usually construction organizations or licensed individual entrepreneurs.

If the contractor is not able to fully fulfill the entire scope of his obligations on his own, then he has the right (if this is not prohibited by the agreement) to conclude a subcontract within the approved budget, that is, to attract other organizations to perform certain processes.

Often, for the implementation of the entire construction complex, a general contractor is appointed, which ensures and guarantees the entire construction process, fulfilling the order partly on its own, partly with the participation of subcontractors. The general contractor is responsible for all defects of subcontractors.

In addition to general provisions, such as the names of the parties, the date and place of signing, details, legal addresses and signatures of the parties, the standard contract includes the following main sections:

In addition, the contract as an integral part has a number of applications, the list of which is indicated in the main body of the agreement. These include:

• calendar plan;
• lists of necessary equipment and materials;
• a copy of the customer's title documents for the land plot;
• a copy of the customer's permit for construction;
• a copy of the contractor's license;
• acts of acceptance and transfer of technical documentation, materials and equipment;
• a copy of the insurance policy;
• work schedule;
• budget documentation;
• act of acceptance.

If necessary, the parties may conclude additional agreements on certain issues within the framework of the execution of the general agreement. Problems arising in the production process are displayed in the protocols of disagreements and agreement of disagreements.

Depending on the scope of the activities performed and the scale of the project, the contract may have different content.

Thus, an agreement for the construction of a small residential building and a large plant can differ dramatically from each other, both in terms of volume and in detailing all the actions performed.

A construction contract imposes a great responsibility on the contractor, since poor quality of workmanship, the use of low-quality materials and non-compliance with approved standards can cause destruction of structures, large financial losses or death of people. Therefore, the quality of construction and installation works at each phase of construction is of particular importance.

The quality of construction products affects the cost and performance of the structure, their durability and efficiency. If an object is built from untested materials or in violation of technical regulations, this leads to an increase in the cost of all processes due to the need to constantly correct identified shortcomings, increase operating costs to maintain the object in working order, and reduce the level of comfort for residents.

Control is carried out by checking the compliance of product indicators with approved requirements, fixed in technical conditions, standards, projects, supply contracts, product passports. The main task is to prevent marriage and defects, to maintain the proper quality of products. There are two forms of quality control:

• production (internal) control system;
• external control.

Internal control is carried out directly by employees of enterprises (design, industrial) that produce the necessary products. Plants and factories that produce building materials issue passports for their products, confirming that the state standard was maintained during their manufacture. The presence of such a passport when delivering products is mandatory.

Internal control has several areas that differ in their characteristics and focus.

By implementation time:

• Input. This is the study (external inspection) of materials, structures and products arriving at the construction site, as well as accompanying and technical documentation. The registration method is mainly used (analysis of passports, invoices, certificates), sometimes the measuring method.
• Operating. It is carried out during the processes or immediately after their completion, has the form of a measurement or technical inspection, its results must be recorded in special journals. The main figures at this stage are foremen, superintendents, and site managers.
• Acceptance. It is carried out after the completion of a certain type of operation (stone, facing), representatives of the customer or designer often join the verification, so it has an element of external control. As a result, a decision is made on the degree of suitability of the object and the possibility of continuing construction.

By scope of checks:

• Solid. All structural elements or units of production (piles, metal structures, etc.) are inspected.
• Selective. A certain part of the product, selected at random, is studied, its volumes are determined by SNiP (Building Norms and Rules).

By frequency:

• Constant. Information about the state of the parameter being monitored is supplied continuously.
• Periodic. The parameter is monitored at certain intervals.
• Volatile. Checking occasionally (at any time) is used when there is no need for deeper forms of control.

By methods of conducting:

• Visual. Its basis is GOST 16501-81.
• Measuring. It is carried out using the necessary measuring instruments, if necessary, a laboratory analysis is carried out using the appropriate equipment. A variety of methods can be used: mechanical (destructive), pulsed (acoustic, vibration) and radiation.
• Registration. This is an analysis of data that is recorded in various documents (journals, certificates, certificates of examination). It is used in cases where, for technical reasons, access to the control object is impossible.

To ensure the appropriate quality of products, specialized services are created at large enterprises, which are usually subordinate to the chief engineer (technical inspection, construction laboratory, geodetic service).

Analysis of the data obtained as a result of instrumental research and their comparison with the current legal and design documentation is called construction expertise. It can be extrajudicial and judicial. All identified violations, deviations and defects are recorded in the expert opinion, which also includes photographs of the detected shortcomings. Based on the results of the examination, the following are determined:

• assessment of the wear of elements, engineering networks and structures during operation;
• determination of the amount of damage from emergency situations (fire, flood);
• compliance with the project, GOST or SNiP;
• testing of materials and structures used;
• study of load-bearing elements in preparation for reconstruction or redevelopment.

International practice of quality control suggests a slightly different approach to this issue, which is based on:

• material interest and responsibility of each performer for the proper execution of all manipulations, which is regulated by internal management - this is a kind of standard established at the enterprise;
• clear instructions for each work process;
• availability of highly qualified personnel;
• equipping with modern high-tech equipment.

External quality control includes inspections carried out by organizations that have the right to supervise and are independent of the contracting organization. Its main forms are:

• technical supervision of the customer;
• architectural supervision of the design organization;
• state architectural and construction supervision;
• control upon acceptance into operation of the facility by various acceptance commissions: fire, sanitary and epidemiological, industrial and mining supervision, labor inspection.

Technical supervision by the customer. It is carried out continuously during the entire period of construction and installation work. The representative of the customer participates in the examination of all covert actions carried out, acceptance committees, intermediate acceptances of the most important structural elements. If there is no customer approval, then no further operations are carried out. Representatives of technical supervision are empowered to make a decision to suspend construction and refuse to pay for processes performed with violations of design calculations and technology. If the quality turns out to be insufficient in the end, then the employees of the technical supervision of the customer are responsible along with the contractors.

Architectural supervision by the designer is also ongoing. Its main difference from the control functions of the GASN and the technical supervision of the customer is that a separate contract is concluded for its implementation between the customer and the designer with the appropriate payment. Architectural supervision consists in monitoring the strict adherence of all actions of the contracting organization to regulatory documents and the approved project.

All changes in the project, rationalization proposals must be agreed with the representative of architectural supervision. He is also present at intermediate acceptances and surveys, resolves issues on design and estimate documentation, points out shortcomings and monitors their elimination. All comments of architectural supervision are recorded in a special journal, which is then transferred to the customer.

State Architectural and Construction Supervision carries out general control at all phases (survey, project development, construction). Its representatives must check the pre-project documents, issue a building permit and check its implementation at any time. They have the right to suspend construction, fine and initiate criminal proceedings.

Certification and licensing as components of quality control

With the rapid development of new technologies, the development of innovative building materials and methods of their fastening, the question arose of the compliance of these developments with approved standards and quality indicators. Therefore, in recent decades, great importance has been attached to the certification of manufactured products and the licensing of design, survey and construction activities.

- this is an activity aimed at establishing the compliance of product quality indicators with the requirements of approved norms and standards. It is aimed at protecting the rights of consumers and the environment, as well as for the safety of health, life and property of people. The objects of certification in construction can be:

• design products;
• industrial products manufactured by enterprises of the construction industry and building materials;
• erected structures and buildings;
• relevant services and works;
• imported elements.

Certification comes in its form:

• Voluntary, based on the initiative of a product manufacturer who wants to demonstrate the conformity of their products to potential customers.
• Mandatory, used for a separate legally approved range of goods, which, in case of poor quality, can be dangerous to human health and the safety of their property (balcony doors, windows, structures for private houses, locks, sealants).

In general terms, certification of any type of product occurs as follows:

• the applicant submits a declaration for certification;
• the scheme of carrying out and the methodology for conducting tests, as well as the testing laboratory are determined;
• sampling and identification of samples, examination of products and study of the state of production;
• analysis of the obtained results;
• execution, registration and issuance of a certificate of conformity.

Licensing is an examination of the applicant (legal or natural person) and the documents submitted by him regarding their readiness to perform the types of activities specified in the application. A special commission checks the availability of the necessary technical base and legislative acts, the implementation of the declared technological processes and the level of control over them, the qualifications and work experience of personnel, and feedback from the applicant's clients.

The regulation on licensing stipulates that the applicant must have at least half of the staff of specialists and managers in the field of design and construction with experience in the specialty from 3 to 5 years. In addition, on the property rights (or on other legal grounds), the candidate must have the necessary objects, tools and means of production (special equipment, manual or automatic tools, transport, power plants, measuring instruments).

The list of actions and necessary equipment is clearly defined in the classifier of design and construction and installation works. Actions for the construction of objects for various purposes (functional and sectoral), for example, roads, aerospace or agricultural facilities, are summarized together. Not only directly construction and installation works are licensed, but also the functions of the general contractor and developer.

As a rule, the license period after the first application is set to be short (1 year), if during this time the analysis did not show any violations on the part of the applicant, then the next license can be valid for 5 years, when applying again, the entire procedure is completely repeated. For violation by the organization of the norms of the current legislation, the license may be revoked.

Organization of construction and installation works

In the process of erecting large objects, such as multi-storey buildings, bridges, roads, factories, as a rule, various specialized and general construction organizations take part. In order to ensure the continuity of processes and the systematic phased completion of the facility, a system of continuous planning and execution of work is needed.

In practice, there are three main methods for organizing the production of construction and installation works:

• Consistent. When it is applied, individual activities are carried out one after another, that is, the next one begins no earlier than the end of the previous one. This approach is poorly applicable to large-scale projects, since it requires a lot of time, but it is suitable for the construction of single buildings, since a small number of workers can be dispensed with.
• Parallel. It is based on the maximum possible combination of various processes (assembly and construction) in a single period of time. It makes it possible to build several buildings at the same time, but requires a significant amount of labor and equipment.
• inline. It consists in the division of complex processes, combined in time, into a number of simple operations performed sequentially. All actions are divided into streams that are executed within a clearly defined time frame. In each facility that is included in the flow, construction and installation works are carried out by complex teams moving from one building to another. This ensures an even load on the staff and the rhythmic delivery of objects included in the flow.

The projects for the production of works (PPR) include the main decisions on the organization of construction and installation works. The PPR is developed by specialized trusts or other organizations and consists of:

• a calendar plan, in which all the works of different performers are marked, linked to deadlines;
• master plan indicating the location of the facility itself, auxiliary sites, mechanized installations, warehouses, heat and power supply networks, access roads;
• schedule of requirements for the receipt of products, materials, structures, special equipment, workers.

For processes carried out according to new methods and high complexity, the PPR contains technological maps.

They indicate economic and technical indicators, requirements for the necessary safety precautions, schedules and recommendations on the methods of organizing the work of workers, the need for resources (parts, inventory, equipment), and calculations of labor costs.

Often, a number of unrelated works are carried out simultaneously on the site, for example, electrical installation, plumbing, carpentry, and cladding. The rhythm of the workflow requires the delivery of certain materials at the right time in sufficient quantities and in the correct technological sequence. In order to prevent downtime, taking into account the opinion of contractors, hourly schedules are developed, guided by which the manufacturer ships, and the auto plant delivers the required elements to the site.

In order to link the supply of parts and their installation, transport and installation schedules are drawn up. Based on the technological sequence of the installation of the building and the standard time for the installation of each element, the time of arrival of vehicles at the site and the range of goods delivered by each flight are clearly indicated. Weekly, daily and hourly schedules are compiled, thanks to which different departments can see the big picture and act in concert. This allows you to plan the time of completion of each type of work and approximately calculate the deadline for the completion of the object.

In order to more fully cover the entire complex of ongoing processes, scheduling is used when working on all types of objects. It gives a general understanding of the sequence of actions in different time periods (from a day to several months), although plans regularly require adjustments depending on emerging circumstances. The duration of construction is calculated according to the norms of SNiP and varies greatly from the complexity of the structure. Reducing or increasing the duration of the work should always be justified, since with an increase in the duration, the deadlines for delivery can be disrupted and the customer suffers losses, and an unreasonable reduction often causes non-compliance with the standards for performing technological operations.

Depending on the scale of the project, the following types of planning can be used:

• simplified methods;
• calendar line charts;
• network charts.

Simplified methods are used when performing current tasks, usually for the next few weeks or days. Such schemes only indicate the types of actions performed and the deadlines for their completion, they are not sufficiently clear and not optimized. Also, planning in the most generalized monetary form can be attributed to simplified forms.

A calendar line chart, otherwise known as a Ganga chart, is a scale with marked horizontal lines of varying lengths that represent the duration of each task. In order to fully and efficiently compose it, you need to take into account the following points:

• draw up a list of necessary work;
• determine their volumes and methods of production;
• calculate their labor intensity, based on the norms and previous experience;
• make a preliminary schedule with approximate deadlines for the execution of each case;
• optimize it taking into account the real possibilities of distribution of labor force, equipment and other conditions.

In order to correctly calculate the amount of work and the time spent on it, one should, in addition to the prescribed norms, take into account other significant factors, for example, local weather conditions or terrain features. If at the initial stage there is a time delay due to incorrect calculations, then it will be almost impossible to compensate for it, since it is very difficult to correct the linear graph.

The network diagram is compiled according to a more modern graph technique (maps, maze, networks). Drawn on a sheet of paper or displayed on a computer monitor, such a scheme looks like a set of vertices connected by segments (non-directional and directional). The circles on the beginning and end of the segment indicate the beginning and end of work. In this kind of planning, there can be a number of different paths between the start and end events. The longest path is called the critical path, and it determines the total duration of the project. Accordingly, in other ways there are temporary reserves and the ability to vary the speed of execution of processes.

The strength of such planning is the ability to adjust it along the way.

If the construction does not meet the agreed deadlines, then there is an opportunity to reduce the time of the critical path by redistributing labor and material resources from the stages of the non-critical path, attracting reserves or changing the sequence of processes (if this is technologically feasible). A number of computer programs have been developed to facilitate the compilation of schedules and their refinement.

Estimated cost calculation

An integral part of the project documentation is the estimate, that is, the estimated cost of construction and installation work. Correct financial calculations contribute to the rhythmic and uninterrupted construction stages. If inaccuracies were made, then this can lead to losses, missed deadlines, debts, or the need to attract additional financial resources, often credit.

The estimated cost usually includes several components and is calculated according to the following formula: profit. To better understand how the calculations are made, you should dwell on each of the components in more detail.

The sum of all direct costs is calculated taking into account the total amount of work (in physical units) and the currently applied prices per unit of measurement in accordance with the estimated standards. Direct costs typically range from 65% to 80% of the total cost and consist of:

• employee salaries who are directly involved in construction and installation work (10-15%);
• cost of all building materials, which are used in the construction of structures (50-55%);
• operating costs of the vehicles used, special equipment, mechanisms and machines, including the salary of specialists managing them (5-10%).

Overhead costs include the reimbursement of the contractor or subcontractor for all costs associated with the organization and maintenance of appropriate living and production conditions at the construction site. The amount of overhead costs is set depending on the wage fund and strongly depends on the scale of the facility being built, the method of production, and the type of construction. Typically, this figure varies between 13-20%. For their calculation, norms are used taking into account the peculiarities of production. It is not allowed to use a multiplier for overhead costs.

Overhead costs include:

• Expenses for administrative and economic needs. It takes into account the payment of business trips, the cost of stationery, mail and telephone communications, the maintenance and service of passenger vehicles, the purchase of the necessary specialized literature (regulatory, technical, economic), subscription to the required periodicals.
• Labor costs. These are the training and retraining of managers and specialists, the creation of proper living and sanitary and hygienic conditions, and labor protection. This also includes additional payments to employees (length of service, additional leave for seniority), social insurance.
• Costs for the necessary organization of the process. These include the maintenance of security, fire safety, the cost of maintaining design teams and construction laboratories, depreciation, geodetic measures, and landscaping.
• Other costs(property insurance, licensing, audit, consulting, advertising services, banking services).

Estimated profit (the term "planned savings" is often used) is the planned profit of the contractor. It should cover the costs of material incentives for personnel, as well as the development and modernization of production facilities. Its volume is calculated for each organization separately, based on the contractual cost of construction, and varies between 7-11% of the total amount. Estimated profit does not apply to expenses included in the estimated cost. For its calculation, they are guided by the relevant Methodological Instructions.

There are industry standards for estimated profit, depending on the type of operations:

• General industry regulations that apply to all businesses. For repair and construction work, they amount to 50% of the wage fund for employees, which is included in the direct costs included in the estimate. With regard to construction and installation works, this figure is 65%.
• Standards depending on the types of processes performed. They are applied at the stage of drawing up working documentation and are prescribed in Appendix No. 3 of the Guidelines.
• Individual standards for individual organizations. They do not apply to enterprises fulfilling orders for the funds of the Federal budget.

The following expenses are taken into account in the structure of planned savings:

• re-equipment and modernization of fixed assets of the enterprise;
• material incentives for employees: financial assistance, treatment in sanatoriums and resorts, purchase of tickets for cultural events and subscriptions to gyms, assistance in paying off mortgages and purchasing certain services and goods;
• tax payments (for property, income, local taxes) at a rate not exceeding 5%;
• assistance to individual educational institutions-partners.

A well-thought-out estimate allows you to organize construction and installation work at the proper level, avoiding cost overruns and delays in payments during construction. In addition, it is possible to achieve the cost of construction and installation works through the use of more productive mechanisms, reasonable savings in materials, changing the working regime or improving management. To accurately calculate the cost, factor analysis is used - this is a technique for studying the impact on costs of each individual construction factor.

Each person has repeatedly encountered the construction of an object or the installation of equipment: someone simply observes the process, someone directly performs it or participates in it. Therefore, it is important to understand what operations include construction and installation works (CEW).

Definition and composition of construction and installation works

Construction and installation work in Moscow is a complex of works for the construction of industrial and non-industrial facilities and the installation of various equipment in them.

The law clearly regulates the processes that are part of the construction and installation works. Their list is set out in Instruction No. 123 for construction work (clause 4.2). Construction and installation works include:

• the processes of building bridges, roads, embankments, the construction of power transmission and communication lines, the construction of bridges and roads, as well as other special works (underwater, aerial.);
• measures for the construction, expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of permanent and temporary facilities, which include all related work on the construction of metal, reinforced concrete, wood, metal-plastic and other structures, as well as actions to design ways for tower and other cranes;
• work on organizing all types of water and electricity supply, heating, laying gas pipes and sewer lines;
• processes for the construction of foundations and supports for technological equipment, lining and lining of furnaces, installation of sanitary units;
• works related to landscaping and decorative design of territories;
• settlement measures necessary to determine the costs of construction and its management;
• establishment of material losses in connection with the destruction of objects, the restoration of which should be carried out at the expense of capital investments allocated according to the project documentation for repair and construction work.

The total volume of construction and installation works includes a set of works on certain elements of buildings, structures or complexes, which was carried out for any period of time (month, year, etc.) both at launch facilities of a given time period and at facilities planned for delivery at the next scheduled time interval.

Work of construction and installation organizations

A person who is not associated with such a type of activity as the construction of new facilities and the reconstruction of existing ones is unlikely to know the full list of works performed by a construction and installation organization. But the importance of such companies can hardly be overestimated: any alteration in the house or on the site is not complete without their participation.

So, a professional construction and installation organization will qualitatively carry out the following types of work:

• assembly (using ready-made units and parts), which include the assembly of structures from different materials, the laying of electrical networks, water supply, ventilation ducts, the construction of elevators;
• construction, which are divided into:
  • general construction: digging holes, trenches and pits, overburden processes, soil compaction, etc. (earthworks); construction of stone walls, pillars or piers from single stones and blocks, bricks or masonry (stone work); all stages of erection of concrete and reinforced concrete structures (concrete work); installation of wooden floors, construction of wooden structures (carpentry); installation of roofing elements, gluing rolled materials onto the prepared base, other roofing activities (roofing); facing processes, wallpapering, plastering, flooring with linoleum and other finishing works;
  • special, related to the finishing of technological equipment (lining or lining furnaces and other units with refractory masonry, applying an anti-corrosion coating to devices), erecting individual structures (mine shafts, power or telephone networks, sanitary systems, etc.);
  • transport and handling: delivery of materials, structures, parts and equipment to the construction site using conveyors, dump trucks, trailers and other machines.

This is not the whole list of works performed by specialists of construction and installation companies. The client can order a service, for example, washing the hold for various cargoes, sandblasting any surface, painting a large capacity and other non-standard procedures.

Types and features of estimates

Budgeting Methods

Calculation of construction estimates for landscaping

Estimated costs (costs) is designed to group the upcoming expenses of the enterprise, aimed at the implementation of any activity. In addition, there are estimates aimed at financing the activities of any enterprise or organization. The purpose may be the execution of design or construction work, and the like. In our article, we will talk about the types of estimates, the methodology for their preparation, we will give an example of calculating a construction estimate for landscaping.

Many facts of economic activity require an estimate. Estimates are of different types, it depends on the type of activity of the organization, its organizational and legal form. So manufacturing companies make estimates of production costs, non-profit organizations - estimates of income and expenses, construction companies - specialized construction documentation, which includes estimates for construction and installation works (construction and installation works) and for the development of project documentation.

Types of estimates

Production Cost Estimate

Includes planned costs for the manufacture of products, compiled for each type of product.

It indicates direct, or variable, costs that depend on the volume of output:

• material costs;
• wages of production workers and insurance premiums;
• depreciation deductions;
• other costs directly related to the release of products.

Here is formed partial cost of the product.

These cost estimates are used to calculate the standard cost of the finished product at which it will be taken into account in the warehouse, and the selling price at which this product will be sold to customers.

The cost estimate for production allows you to control the use of resources - to prevent overspending of material costs, timely identify deviations of actual indicators from planned ones, analyze and eliminate the causes of deviations. Without a production estimate, it is impossible to control the actual costs.

Estimates of income and expenses

In the estimates of income and expenses of HOA (partnerships of homeowners), TSN (partnerships of real estate owners), garage cooperatives, horticultural non-profit partnerships, in income indicate the amount of membership and (or) targeted contributions that go to the maintenance of a non-profit organization, and in expenses - all her expenses.

The expenses of such organizations include, among other things, the salary of an accountant and chairman, security costs, utility bills, garbage disposal, fire safety, etc. Estimates are approved by the general meeting of owners.

At the end of the year, the audit commission checks the validity of the expenses incurred, their documentary evidence, and the correspondence of the actual expenses to the expenses indicated in the estimate.

Construction estimates

Compiled for construction and installation works for the repair, overhaul of buildings and equipment, for the reconstruction and construction of new facilities (buildings, residential buildings, cottage settlements), landscaping of courtyard areas, laying roads, etc., as well as for design and survey construction work.

3 components of the estimate for construction and installation works:

1) direct costs;

2) overhead costs;

3) estimated profit.

The estimates for investment projects include the costs of design and survey and construction and installation work, the profit that the contractor should receive from the work.

As a rule, the price in investment contracts and construction contracts is contractual (that is, free, not tied to anything).

The cost of construction is determined at the stage of preparation of design estimates, taking into account economic, geographical and natural factors, local conditions. Subjects of investment activity (investors, customers-developers, contractors) are independent and equal, therefore the price for capital construction objects is set by mutual agreement of the parties.

The cost of construction can be determined at different stages, for example:

• design work (drawing up a master plan, sketches, etc.);
• construction and installation works (direct execution of construction works);
• commissioning of the necessary equipment at the facility under construction.

Prices in construction estimates are determined on the basis of a variant and flexible approach without rigid regulations and excessive centralization. Contract bidding allows you to choose the optimal cost, timing and quality of project implementation.

The cost of construction products and the volume of production depend on demand: the more housing is in demand, the more expensive 1 m 2 of living space and the more residential buildings are being built.

Any participant in the investment process can make an estimate:

• designer working under a contract with a customer. In this case, estimates are usually made by the resource method or at the basic level using a fixed price;
• customer - determines the preliminary cost of the investment project or draws up an investor estimate for a package of tender documentation;
• general contractor - determines the cost through contract bidding.

Depending on which of the subjects of investment activity made the estimate, the following types of them are distinguished (Table 1).

Table 1

Types of construction estimates

Type of construction estimate	Who makes up	At what stage is	How is the amount of investment determined?	Calculation accuracy
Conceptual estimate	Designer	When developing investment proposals together with a feasibility study of the project	Based on the information collected regarding the cost of a unit of consumer properties or the capacity of an object
Investor estimate	Investor	At the pre-project stage, the starting price of the investment project is determined	The starting price is calculated on the basis of the master plan or sketch of the construction object. The specification and volume of building materials and equipment are calculated according to aggregated indicators
Contractor's estimate, (construction and installation works estimate)	Contractor	At the stage of concluding a contract on the basis of project documentation	The estimated cost includes the cost of materials and construction and installation work, inflation losses, contractor's profit, and other points related to construction
Estimate of the customer		It is developed on the basis of a finished project or master plan, working drawings, taking into account elemental estimated norms, unit prices, average values ​​of the cost of resources used in construction	The estimated cost includes the cost of all stages of construction
Executive estimate	Customer or contractor	After the completion of construction. The question of its necessity is decided in the process of concluding a contract.	They take into account all actually incurred expenses, including additional ones that appeared during the implementation of the project for both the contractor and the customer

The methodology for determining the estimated cost of an investment project, the regulatory framework used and the procedure for mutual settlements are negotiated by the customer and the contractor and are fixed in the signed contract.

Local estimates

The summary estimate calculation of an object under construction is compiled on the basis of local estimate calculations (estimates), which, in turn, are compiled on the basis of the physical scope of work, structural drawings of elements of buildings and structures, accepted methods of work and, as a rule, for each building and structure according to types of work.

Contract agreements may provide for enlarged stages of work performance - technologically completed complexes of construction and installation works. They can be separately local estimates. For example, in estimates for buildings, underground and ground parts are allocated. This allows the customer to pay the contractor for the completed stage of work. For relatively simple objects, the estimated cost may not be grouped by sections.

The result obtained as a result of the estimate calculation in the local estimate is direct costs. Further, the size of overhead costs and profits are determined. Overhead costs are charged on the total of direct costs as a percentage. After that, the total cost is calculated. Profit is accrued on it (also in percentage terms).

Determining the cost of construction

The cost of construction can be determined:

• in the project - according to the consolidated estimated standards (price lists, consolidated estimated standards - USN, consolidated prices - UR), consolidated indicators of the cost of construction (UPSS) and cost indicators of analogous objects;
• according to estimates for standard, reusable and individual projects tied to local construction conditions, and estimates compiled according to working drawings using price lists intended for this purpose (USN, UR).

Local estimates for the purchase of technological and engineering equipment are compiled on the basis of specifications for the equipment of the manufacturer, drawings of the technological part of the project documentation, factory price lists and stock lists of wholesale prices for equipment.

Note!

The cost of equipment, determined on the basis of wholesale prices for industrial products, includes the cost of delivering equipment to the construction warehouse, the cost of tare, packaging, supply and sales margins, the cost of completing equipment and procurement and storage costs.

Due to high inflation and instability, it is impossible to develop unit prices for certain types of work, the cost of machine hours, operated machines and mechanisms, and determine the level of wages. In this regard, coefficients are applied to estimated prices approved by the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation in 2001.

The coefficients show the change in value relative to the specified price level, taken as the base.

Correction coefficients (indices) are developed by regional pricing centers in construction (RCCS), which once a quarter, and in Moscow - monthly, publish a Collection of coefficients for recalculating the estimated cost of construction and installation works.

Our dictionary

current value level- the level of value determined on the basis of prices in force at the time of determining the value.

Base cost level- the level of cost, determined on the basis of estimated prices. Designed to compare the results of investment activities in different periods of time, economic analysis and determine the cost at current prices.

The method of making estimates using previously approved unit prices and bringing them to the price scale of the current period using indices is called basic-index.

Another common budgeting method is − resource: for each type of work, according to the collections of GESN-2001, in natural meters, the necessary material and technical resources, the time spent on the operation of machines and mechanisms, and the labor costs of workers are determined. Prices and tariffs for the specified resources are accepted current, that is, at the time of the estimate, or with a forecast for their possible change.

The resource method allows you to fairly accurately determine the estimated cost of construction at any time. Necessary resources are established on the basis of project documentation.

At the same time, a local resource sheet is first compiled, and then, on its basis, a local estimate calculation.

Object estimates

Object cost estimates (cost estimates) are compiled for the construction of each individual building and structure on the basis of local estimates (estimates) for certain types of work and costs for buildings, structures and general site works and determine the total amount of all costs associated with the construction of the facility.

Estimated calculations (cost estimates) that are included in the object estimates, agreed with contracting construction organizations, are the basis for determining the estimated cost of the object under construction.

Object estimates take into account the cost of all types of construction and installation work, the cost of equipment, fixtures and inventory.

To determine the total estimated cost of the object, the object estimate at current prices additionally includes funds to cover limited costs:

• for the increase in the cost of work performed in the winter, and other similar costs included in the estimated cost of construction and installation works;
• other works and costs, which are determined as a percentage of the cost of each type of work, costs or the result of construction and installation works for all local estimates;
• a reserve of funds for unforeseen work and costs, provided for in the consolidated estimate of the cost of construction, to reimburse the contractor's costs, the amount of which is determined by separate agreement between the customer and the contractor.

If the cost of an object can be determined from a local estimate, an object estimate is not compiled. In this case, the role of the object estimate is performed by the local estimate, which indicates the funds to cover the limited costs in the same manner as for object estimates.

For your information

In the object estimate calculation, as a result, indicators of a unit cost per 1 m 3 of volume, 1 m 2 of the area of ​​​​buildings and structures, 1 m of the length of networks, etc. are given.

Object estimates drawn up according to working drawings, agreed with the contracting construction organization and approved by the customer, are the basis for payments for the work performed. The quality of object estimates determines the correctness of determining the price of construction products, and, consequently, the results of the production and economic activities of contractors.

Consolidated estimate calculation

The summary estimate calculation of the cost of construction of enterprises, buildings and structures or their stages determines the estimated limit of funds necessary for the complete completion of the construction of all objects provided for by the project. Compiled on the basis of object estimates (object estimates) and estimates for additional costs not included in the object and local estimates.

On the basis of the approved consolidated estimate calculation of the cost of construction, the limit of capital investments in financing construction is determined.

Each line of the summary estimate calculation corresponds to the data of the object estimate calculation (object estimate) for individual objects, works and costs and has a link to the number of the specified documents.

In the summary estimate, a separate line provides for a reserve of funds for unforeseen work and costs:

• no more than 2% - for social facilities;
• no more than 3% - for industrial facilities.

When compiling a consolidated estimate, current prices are used.

An approximate list of chapters of the consolidated estimate calculation of the cost of industrial and civil construction:

• Preparation of the construction site.
• The main objects of construction.
• Utility and service facilities.
• Energy facilities.
• Objects of transport economy and communication.
• External networks and facilities for water supply, sewerage, heat supply and gas supply.
• Landscaping and landscaping.
• Temporary buildings and structures.
• Other work and expenses.
• Maintenance of the directorate (technical supervision) of the enterprise under construction.
• Training of operational personnel.
• Design and survey works, architectural supervision.

An explanatory note is attached to the summary estimate submitted for approval as part of the project, which contains:

• reference to the territorial area where the construction is located;
• the level of estimated prices in which the calculation is made;
• a list of catalogs of estimated standards adopted for the preparation of estimates for the construction of facilities;
• name of the general contractor;
• features of determining the estimated cost of construction work;
• features of determining the estimated cost of equipment and its installation.

Note!

In practice, during the construction of large facilities, in addition to capital investments in the construction of the facility itself, capital investments are provided for the construction of a base for the needs of the construction of this structure.

For this purpose, separate summary estimates for housing and civil construction and for the creation of a construction industry base are compiled, which are included in the summary of costs along with a summary estimate for production facilities. The total estimated cost of construction in these cases is determined by a summary of costs that combines two or more summary estimates.

If several investors are involved in the construction of facilities, then, based on the results of the consolidated estimate calculation, the costs of equity participation in the construction of each shareholder are indicated.

We draw up an estimate

Consider the methodology for compiling estimates using an example.

Example

The customer of works on the improvement of the yard area is the district government, the contractor is a contracting organization that is engaged in landscaping and landscaping of the territory.

Work on the object is carried out on the basis of a contract and estimate documentation.

Planned road works and landscaping.

At the first stage, the contractor draws up a list of planned types of work, indicates their volume and method of implementation (Table 2).

table 2

List of planned types of work

Name of works and costs	Unit	Quantity	Technique
Men at work
Construction of driveways with asphalt concrete pavement:
excavation h = 0.60 m
arrangement of a layer of sand base h = 0.30 m			Sandblaster ABSC-1028, TM compressor
arrangement of a layer of rigid laid concrete h = 0.16 m			IE-4502 mechanical rammer, KAMAZ-6520 dump truck, BN-80 concrete pump
bituminous mastic layer device 0.6-0.8 l / m 2			Bituminous pump DS-125
arrangement of asphalt concrete layer h = 0.07 m			Mixing Plant, Asphalt Paver, Dump Truck
curbstone installation
landscaping
Lawn device
excavation h = 0.40 m			Bulldozer with a capacity of 59 kW (hp), excavator with a bucket with a capacity of 0.25 m 3, dump trucks
			Dump truck, motor cutter, self-propelled electric cutter
sowing grass seeds
			Watering machine ZIL, lawn mower
Tree planting
Cutting down dead and diseased trees and shrubs			Chainsaws
Including delivery of planting material			dump trucks
Improving the mechanical composition and fertility of plant soil			Hinged soil mill, cultivator
planting trees with a lump of 0.8 × 0.8 × 0.5 m, including:
Norway maple with a crown (4-6 years old, height - 1.5-3 m)
jasmine (height - 3.0-3.5 m)
post-plant care			Watering machine ZIL

Based on the list of planned types of work, material costs are calculated (Table 3) and the wages of employees participating in the project (Table 4).

The statement of material costs indicates the amount of materials necessary for the improvement of the territory and their cost at current prices.

Table 3

Sheet of calculation of material costs

Material type	Unit	Quantity	Unit cost, rub.	Total cost, rub.
Driveways
fine-grained asphalt concrete
rigid concrete
Total
Lawns
fertile soil
lawn grass seeds
Total
Trees
Norway maple
Total

The payroll sheet shows:

• scope of work performed by employees of the contractor;
• hourly rate;
• additional salary;
• payroll fund (PHOT) for each type of work. Calculated according to the formula:

Additional salary is calculated only for heavy work and is 15% of the basic salary.

Table 4

Employee payroll sheet

Name	Scope of work	Norm of time, h	Hourly tariff rate, rub.	Additional payments, rub.	Payroll fund, rub.
Construction of driveways with asphalt concrete pavement
soil development h \u003d 0.60 m (m 2)
sand base layer device h \u003d 0.30 m (m 2)
arrangement of a layer of rigid laid concrete h \u003d 0.16 m (m 2)
device layer of bituminous mastic 0.6-0.8 l / m 2 (m 2)
asphalt concrete layer device h \u003d 0.07 m (m 2)
curbstone installation (r.m.)
Total
Lawn device
excavation h = 0.40 m
creation of soil layer h = 0.2 m
preparation of the root-inhabited soil layer with the introduction of plant soil h = 0.2 m
sowing grass seeds
lawn care (watering, double mowing)
Total
Tree planting
felling of dried and diseased trees and shrubs
including delivery of planting material
improvement of the mechanical composition and fertility of plant soil
Total
Total

The estimate also includes the cost of maintenance and repair of special equipment used in construction - bulldozers, excavators, dump trucks.

Let us calculate the cost of 1 machine-hour of bulldozer operation. The initial data are presented in table. 5, the results of calculations - in table. 6.

Table 5

Data for calculating 1 machine-hour of bulldozer operation

Indicators	Unit	Sum
Book value
Useful life
Number of hours worked per month
Annual cost for machine maintenance and repair
Tariff rate for wages
The cost of 1 liter of fuel
Consumption rate of lubricants per 100 liters of fuel consumption
The cost of 1 liter of lubricants
Overhead rate		90% of the wage fund

Table 6

Calculation sheet for 1 machine-hour of bulldozer operation

No. p / p	Name of indicator	Unit	Calculation	Total
	Initial cost
	Depreciation
	Useful life
	Monthly depreciation
	Hourly depreciation		129 032,26 / 166
	Maintenance and repair costs
	annual rate
	Annual costs		8,000,000 × 0.24
	Monthly costs
	Hourly costs
	Salary (driver's salary)
	Tariff rate, rub./h
	Insurance premiums
	hourly wage
	Fuel costs
	Fuel consumption rate per 1 car-h
	The cost of 1 liter of fuel
	Hourly cost of fuel
	Lubricant costs
	Oil consumption rate per 100 liters of fuel
	Oil consumption rate according to fuel consumption rate
	Lubricant Hourly Costs
	Overheads
	Total cost per machine-hour		777,30 + 963,85 + 190 + 476 + 57,8 + 135

The norm of the working time of the bulldozer for the arrangement of driveways with asphalt concrete pavement is 20 hours, for the landscaping of the territory - 5 hours. Accordingly, the cost of maintenance and repair of the bulldozer will be:

• when performing road works - 51,999 rubles. (2599.95 rubles × 20 hours);
• lawn installation - 12,999.75 rubles. (2599.95 rubles × 5 hours).

An excavator and dump trucks were also involved in the landscaping work. Maintenance and repair costs will be:

• when performing road works:

excavator - 48,250 rubles;

dump trucks - 60,230 rubles;

• lawn work:

excavator - 10,150 rubles;

dump trucks - 12,350 rubles;

• tree planting work

dump trucks - 12,350 rubles.

Based on the calculations, we will draw up local estimates for each type of work (Tables 7-9), given that:

• overhead costs - workers;
• other expenses - ;
• estimated profit - 15% of the total costs;
• VAT - 18% of the total costs + estimated profit.

Table 7

Local estimate for the installation of asphalt concrete pavement of the roadway, sidewalks and paths

expenditures	Amount, rub.	Note
Material costs		Page 1 bill of materials
		Page 1 payroll sheet
Overheads		20% of labor costs
other expenses		2% of labor costs
Total costs:
Estimated profit		15% of the total cost
Total estimated	273 367,24

Table 8

Local estimate for the installation of lawns

expenditures	Amount, rub.	Note
Material costs		Page 2 bills of material costs
Labor costs for workers		Page 2 payroll sheets
Social service contributions		Calculation of insurance premiums from wages
Costs for the maintenance of construction equipment		Sheets of calculation of machine-hours of equipment operation
Overheads		20% of labor costs
other expenses		2% of labor costs
Total costs		The sum of all the above costs
Estimated profit		15% of the total cost
		15% × (total cost + estimated profit)
Total estimated	148 742,94

Table 9

Local estimate for planting trees and shrubs

expenditures	Amount, rub.	Note
Material costs		Page 3 bills of materials
Labor costs for workers		Page 3 payroll sheets
Social service contributions		Calculation of insurance premiums from wages
Costs for the maintenance of construction equipment		Sheets of calculation of machine-hours of equipment operation
Overheads		20% of labor costs
other expenses		2% of labor costs
Total costs:		The sum of all the above costs
Estimated profit		15% of the total cost
		15% × (total costs + estimated profit)
Total estimated	21 174,81

Local estimates are combined into an object estimate, in which the sums of expenses for each type of work from local estimates are summarized.

The object estimate for the improvement of the courtyard area is presented in Table. 10.

Table 10

Object estimate for the improvement of the courtyard area

expenditures	Amount, rub.
Material costs
Labor costs for workers
Social service contributions
Costs for the maintenance of construction equipment
Overheads
other expenses
Total costs:
Estimated profit
Total estimated	443 284,98

So, the cost of improvement work according to the object estimate amounted to 443,284.98 rubles.

According to the won tender, the contracting organization concluded an agreement with the council for the improvement of the territory of the yard in the amount of 443,284.98 rubles.

Conclusion

Budgeting is essential to the business of a company. The main purpose of the estimate is to determine the amount of regulatory resources to complete the task. A well-designed estimate documentation with a clear template and an understandable structure, especially for the construction industry, is the basis for the company's success and profitability.

E. V. Anisimova,
auditor

A huge number of projects being implemented in our country are associated with the organization of the construction of various facilities: industrial, road, agricultural, etc. The buildings and structures being built can be both part of a more global plan, and its main essence. The share of financial costs in such projects falls on construction and installation works (CW). As a rule, they account for the largest amount of financial and material resources.

Construction and installation works is the application of activity regulation methods in construction, which occupies a special place in the legislation.

General view

Construction as an industry includes a wide range of activities. This is not only the construction of new buildings and structures, but also activities to carry out their repair (current and capital), restoration, reconstruction.

CMP (decoding in construction) means construction and installation work. Their main characteristics:

• the implementation process goes through several successive stages: drawing up a marketing plan, substantiating project parameters, identifying a contractor, etc.;
• geodetic works;
• development of project documentation;
• stage of material support (purchase of the necessary products and raw materials, their transportation to the sites);
• construction and installation (preparatory, basic and finishing) works;
• commissioning (control measures and necessary tests).

There are several interpretations of the term "construction and installation works". Different wording depends on the vocabulary used and legal regulations. At the same time, they all agree that construction and installation works is the use of a specific list of sequential operations in construction, which are aimed at erecting buildings and structures, installing the necessary equipment (ventilation, heating, gas and water supply systems, sewage disposal, etc.). d.).

For abbreviation in the technical documentation, it is customary to write CMP.

What is regulated by the SMR?

The main document regulating all construction and installation activities in Russia is SNiP, which stands for building codes and regulations.

SNiP CMR is the regulation of the following areas in construction by sections:

• main provisions;
• design standards;
• rules for the production and acceptance of work;
• appraisal rules and regulations.

Kinds

Construction involves a combination of a huge number of actions from different directions using the whole variety of materials and specialized equipment. Construction and installation works is the use of various methods of organizing production processes in construction.

The project can be implemented in several different ways:

• conclusion of contracts, which provide for the implementation of all stages by specialized companies;
• all work is carried out by the company's own divisions;
• in a mixed way, in which one part of the work is performed by contractors, and the other - on their own.

Based on the concept and the expected result, the following main types of construction and installation works are distinguished: general construction, transport, loading and unloading, special.

Installation is carried out using prefabricated parts, power wiring and other cables, reinforced concrete and metal structures.

General construction activities are based on the processing of materials and the construction of structural elements. They are divided into established types. Construction and installation works by types of construction can be classified as follows:

• Excavation. They include excavation of pits, trenches for the installation of strip foundations and individual supports, underground engineering networks of various lengths.
• Pile. Pile driving or driving, foundation preparation.
• Stone. Construction of piers, walls, columns and other structures from blocks, masonry from crushed stone, brick, natural and artificial stones.
• Reinforced concrete and concrete. Preparation of the mixture, its transportation and pouring into the formwork, care, processing of compounds and prefabricated elements.
• Mounting. Delivery to the destination of structural parts, their alignment, installation and fastening.
• Joinery and carpentry work. They involve the supply and installation of finished wooden parts (doors, windows).
• Roofing. They consist in covering the roofs with asbestos-cement or steel sheets.
• Plaster. For large volumes, a mechanical feed is used and the application of a solution for small ones is done manually.
• Facing. They involve covering vertical and horizontal surfaces with large and small slabs, as well as sheet materials.
• Painting. They consist of manual or mechanical painting of structures, as well as wallpapering the walls.

Some of these technological processes are combined into the concept of "zero cycle", which is the initial phase of construction and includes the preparation of the site and access roads to it, earthworks, laying the foundation. It ends when the underground part of the building is erected and engineering networks are laid.

Conclusion of contracts

Since construction works are very complex and multi-stage, they suggest the possibility of attracting contractors at some stages. Some of them cover most common technological processes, others specialize in certain areas that require special equipment and trained professionals. Accordingly, the most common type of agreement is a contractual one, in which there are two parties: the client, authorized by the investor, who sets the parameters for the implementation of specified processes, determines and checks the results, pays for them; and a contractor that fulfills the customer's requirements within the established time frame.

The latter are usually construction companies or licensed individual entrepreneurs. If the contractor is not able to fully fulfill the entire scope of the obligations assumed by him, then it is possible to attract a subcontractor under the relevant contract, that is, transfer part of the work to other organizations.

Estimated cost concept

An integral part of the project documentation is the assessment, that is, the estimated cost of construction and installation work in construction. Properly conducted financial justification ensures the rhythm and continuity of all stages of work.

If inaccuracies were made, then this can lead to losses, delays, debts, the need to obtain additional finance in the form of a loan.

Estimated cost is usually assigned to several components and is calculated using the following formula:

CMP \u003d PZ + HP + PN,

where CMP is the estimated estimated cost of the entire work, thousand rubles; PZ - the amount of direct costs, thousand rubles; НР - overhead costs, thousand rubles; PN - planned savings or estimated profit, thousand rubles.

The value of direct costs is determined by calculating the total volume of all work performed (in physical units) and the rates currently used in accordance with the standards. The share of direct costs averages 65-80% of the total cost. Their structure consists of the following elements:

• salary of workers who are directly involved in construction and installation works (10-15%);
• the cost of all materials that are used in the construction of buildings (50-55%);
• the cost of used vehicles, special equipment, machines, including the salary of specialists who drive them (5-10%).

Overhead costs include the reimbursement to the contractor or subcontractor of all costs associated with the organization and maintenance of proper living and working conditions at the construction site. Their volume is determined in direct proportion to the wage fund and to a large extent - on the scale of the object, the method of production, the type of construction. As a rule, this indicator varies in the range of 13-20%.

When calculating, norms are applied taking into account the characteristics of the object.

Overhead costs include:

• Funds for administrative and business needs. It takes into account transportation costs, costs for office, postal and telephone communications, maintenance of cars, purchase of the necessary specialized literature, subscription to the required periodicals.
• Maintenance personnel cost. It includes the training and retraining of managers and specialists, the creation of proper sanitary and hygienic conditions, as well as labor protection.
• The cost of organizing the construction process. These costs include: maintenance of security systems, fire safety, operating costs of project teams, geodetic works, landscaping.
• Other expenses (property insurance, licensing, audit, consulting, advertising, banking).

Estimated profit is the planned income of the contractor. The organization must cover its costs for material bonuses for employees, innovative methods in production.

Quality control

A construction contract imposes a great responsibility on the contractor, as poor quality work, the use of low-grade materials, and failure to comply with approved standards can lead to the destruction of facilities, large financial losses or loss of life.

Therefore, the level of construction and installation work at each stage is of particular importance. The quality of materials affects the cost and performance of the structure.

When building facilities using low-grade raw materials, the cost of all processes increases due to the need to constantly correct identified shortcomings, increase operating costs, and the level of comfort of residents decreases.

The essence of control is to verify the compliance of the actual performance of the object with the approved requirements set out in the technical specifications, standards, projects, contracts, passports.

The main task is to prevent marriage and defects, maintaining the proper quality of products. There are two forms of control: internal and external.

The first is carried out directly by employees of enterprises (design, industrial) that produce the necessary products. Factories and factories that manufacture building materials issue documents and passports that confirm compliance with state standards. The presence of such a document upon delivery of products is mandatory.

External quality control includes inspections carried out by organizations that have the right to oversight and are independent.

Certification and Licensing Procedures

The process of certification of manufactured products and licensing of design, survey and construction work is currently mandatory. It is an activity that is aimed at establishing the compliance of product quality indicators with the requirements of approved standards. Its goal is to protect the rights of consumers and the environment, as well as the safety of human health, life and property.

As objects can act: industrial products, building materials, erected buildings and structures.

Certification is possible in the following forms:

• voluntary, at the initiative of a manufacturer who wants to confirm the quality of their products;
• mandatory, used for a separate legally approved range, which, in case of non-compliance with certain requirements, may be dangerous to the health of people and their property (projects for private houses, locks, sealants).

The process of confirming the quality of any type of product occurs in the following sequence:

• the applicant submits a declaration;
• a scheme and methodology for testing activities are established;
• carry out sampling and identification of samples, study of products and study of the state of production;
• analyze the results;
• The certificate is registered and handed out.

Licensing is the examination of the enterprise and the documents submitted by it in relation to its readiness to carry out the activities indicated in the application.

A special commission checks the availability of the necessary technical base and documentation, the implementation of the presented production and technological processes, the qualifications and experience of the staff, as well as customer reviews.

Some types of construction and installation works are subject to compulsory licensing (design, engineering and geodetic works and surveys, production of building materials).

Organization of construction and installation works

Various organizations are involved in the construction process of facilities.

To ensure the continuity and phased commissioning of the finished parts of the facility, a system of continuous planning and execution of work is necessary.

There are three main methods of organizing the technological process, which determine what is included in construction and installation work in construction:

• Consistent. With this method, certain activities are performed one after the other, that is, the next one does not begin before the end of the previous one.
• Parallel. It is based on the maximum possible combination of different processes in a single period of time. This allows you to simultaneously erect several buildings, but requires the involvement of a significant amount of labor and technology.
• Streamline. It consists of dividing complex processes that are combined in time into simpler operations that are performed sequentially. All actions are divided into flows that are performed in a well-defined period of time. In each facility included in the flow, construction and installation work is carried out by integrated teams that move from room to room, which makes it possible to evenly load the staff and ensure rhythmic work at the facilities.

Construction and installation works in road construction

Road construction has its own characteristics. The process is characterized by an extended construction site, constant changes in the workplaces of specialized machine complexes, an uneven distribution of types of work along the road under construction, and, finally, the dependence of the technological process on climatic conditions and seasons.

The construction duration of tens of kilometers complicates the organization of work, complicates control and management, worsens the repair and maintenance of road construction and vehicles.

CMP Master: Knowledge and Functions

The position belongs to the category of managers who have a number of specific duties of a construction and installation foreman in construction. The person performing these functions must have a higher technical education.

The job description of the master of construction and installation works in construction is developed at the level of a particular enterprise. However, in general, all the duties and functions prescribed in this instruction are similar for different enterprises.

The master of construction and installation works must know:

• Decrees, orders of higher authorities and other regulatory materials on the activities of construction sites.
• Composition of construction and installation works in construction.
• Design and estimate documentation for construction in progress.
• Technical regulations, norms and rules, conditions for carrying out and accepting construction and installation works.
• Principles of planning the technological process at the site.

The main duties of the master of construction and installation works in construction:

• Ensuring the implementation of the work plan on site.
• Organization of operational accounting for the implementation of production tasks and the receipt of raw materials and materials.
• Monitoring compliance with safety measures by employees.
• Organization of the receipt of materials, structures, products, their storage, accounting and reporting.
• Ensuring the rational use of fixed assets at the facility.

When filling out a resume for a construction and installation foreman in construction, it is imperative to indicate experience in previous places of work with a specific list of constructed facilities.

Rotational method in construction and installation works

The method is a form of labor organization outside the place of permanent residence of employees, provided that they return home. The watch for the master of construction and installation work in road construction has been very common lately. Construction and installation works in this case are carried out at facilities that are far from the location of the organization and the permanent residence of employees.

The shift method is used when it is impractical to perform work by conventional methods, as well as to reduce construction time in uninhabited and remote areas or places with unfavorable natural and climatic conditions.

Conclusion

The building complex today is quite numerous and developed. However, the impact of the crisis had a serious impact on the pace of development of the industry in terms of higher costs of work and lower consumer demand.