Accounting and analysis of financial results in construction organizations (on the example of OOO 'Stroymontazh-Plus'). Features of accounting for the financial results of the activities of construction organizations Accounting for financial results at enterprises of the construction company

Financial results of construction organizations and their analysis

Sources of information and main tasks of the analysis. Revenue as a source of financial resources and indicators of business activity of the enterprise. Types and indicators of profit. The procedure for the formation of the net profit of the organization and its distribution. Types and indicators of profitability, growth factors.

The financial results of the construction organization are characterized by:

Revenue;

profit indicators;

Profitability indicators.

The sources of information for analysis are the business plan and forecasts of the economic and social development of the organization, accounting and statistical reporting (form No. 1 ʼʼBalance sheetʼʼ, form No. 2 ʼʼReport on financial resultsʼʼ, form No. 5 ʼʼAppendix to the balance sheetʼʼ, form 3ks), estimate documentation, accounting registers, invoices, etc.

The overall financial result of the organization's activities is ϶ᴛᴏ revenue, which is the main source of financial resources and cash, and also characterizes the business activity of the enterprise (by revenue, the market share of the enterprise is determined and the capital turnover of the enterprise is calculated).

Gross and net proceeds from sales can be determined (they differ by the amount of indirect taxes, ᴛ.ᴇ. VAT and excises), as well as planned (forecast based on the construction and installation plan) and actual (for completed and paid volumes of construction and installation works).

Profit indicators:

Estimated profit (planned savings) - the amount of funds determined by the normative method as a percentage of the accepted accrual base (from the wage fund or from the cost of construction and installation work) when developing estimates, is necessary to cover the costs of construction organizations for the development of production, social sphere and material incentives;

Planned profit - ϶ᴛᴏ the sum of planned savings provided for in the estimate and planned cost savings from reducing the cost of construction and installation works, determined by individual facilities, by work performed and by the construction organization as a whole;

Actual profit - ϶ᴛᴏ positive financial result of the enterprise (the difference between the income and expenses of the organization for the period). A negative result is called a loss. Net income is used to calculate profit.

The profit of the enterprise is formed in the course of economic activity and is reflected in accounting and reporting.

The procedure for forming the organization's net profit (according to form No. 2 ʼʼStatement of financial resultsʼʼ, where the revenue figure is determined net of indirect taxes - VAT, excises and similar obligatory payments) can be represented as:

Gross profit \u003d revenue - cost;

Profit from sales = gross profit - selling and administrative expenses;

Profit before tax = profit from sales + other income (sale of property, products of auxiliary and auxiliary industries, rental of property, income from securities, etc.) - other expenses (cost of sold products of auxiliary and auxiliary industries, fines paid, losses from maintenance of objects under interrupted contracts and mothballed enterprises, markdowns in inventories, losses from writing off receivables, etc.);

Profit from ordinary activities \u003d profit before tax - mandatory payments from profit (tax on income, land, property, etc.);

Net (retained) profit = profit from ordinary activities ± extraordinary income (expenses).

Net profit is used in accordance with the charter of the enterprise. Due to it, investment in production development is carried out, dividends are paid to the shareholders of the enterprise, reserve and insurance funds are created, etc. When distributing net profit, it is extremely important to optimize the proportions between capitalized (the part of net profit that is used to finance the growth of assets) and consumed (the part of net profit that is spent on paying dividends, to the company's personnel or on social programs) in order to ensure :

The extremely important volume of investments for industrial development;

Extremely important rate of return on invested capital to the owners of the enterprise.

If the indicators of revenue and profit characterize the absolute efficiency of the enterprise's management in all areas of its activity, then the profitability indicators are relative indicators of the effectiveness of the enterprise, commensurate with the costs or resources used to achieve this effect.

These indicators are used to assess the activities of the enterprise and as a tool in investment policy and pricing.

Profitability indicators can be combined into several groups:

· Indicators characterizing the payback of production costs and investment projects;

· Indicators characterizing the profitability of sales;

· Indicators characterizing the profitability of capital and its parts.

Note that, as in the previous case, it is possible to determine the estimated, planned and actual level of indicators.

Profitability of production activities (return on costs) R 3 is calculated by the ratio of profit from product sales (P rp), or net income from operating activities (PE), or the amount of net cash flow (NPV), including net profit and depreciation of the reporting period, to the amount of costs for products sold (3 rp).

It shows how much the enterprise has profit or self-financing income from each ruble spent on the production and sale of products (works, services), and can be calculated as a whole for the enterprise, its individual segments and types of products (works, services). The latter indicator more accurately than the previous ones reflects the results of the organization's activities, since it takes into account not only net profit, but also the entire amount of own earned funds coming into the free disposal of the organization from turnover. The amount of profit should be small if the company uses the accelerated depreciation method, and vice versa. At the same time, in aggregate, these two values quite realistically reflect the income of the enterprise, which should be used in the process of reinvestment.

Similarly, the payback of investment projects is determined: the received or expected amount of profit or net cash flow from the project refers to the amount of investment in this project.

Profitability of sales (turnover) is calculated by dividing the profit from the sale of products (works and services), or net profit, or net cash flow by the amount of revenue received (B). It characterizes the efficiency of production and commercial activities: how much profit the company has from the ruble of sales. This indicator is widely used in a market economy; is calculated as a whole for the enterprise and for individual types of products (works, services).

The profitability (yield) of capital is calculated as the ratio of gross profit and or net profit to the average annual value of the total invested capital (КL) or its individual components: own (sharehold), borrowed, fixed, working, operating capital, etc.

Profitability is a general indicator, which is influenced by both extensive and intensive factors. Extensive factors include an increase in the mass of profits due to an increase in the volume of work and the effect of inflation on the price level. The most important intensive factors are: improving the organization of labor and production, using the achievements of technical progress, reducing construction time, improving the quality of construction and installation work, etc.

Financial results of construction organizations and their analysis - the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Financial results of construction organizations and their analysis" 2017, 2018.

INTRODUCTION

1. ECONOMIC ESSENCE OF FINANCIAL RESULTS IN A MARKET ECONOMY

1.1 The concept and structure of the formation of the financial result.

1.2 Analysis of the composition and dynamics of balance sheet profit. Analysis of financial results from ordinary activities

1.3 Analysis of financial results from other activities

1.4 Financial Performance Management

1.5 Technical and economic characteristics of the enterprise "STROY-INVEST" LLC

2. ACCOUNTING FOR FINANCIAL RESULTS and its improvement

2.1. Accounting for income and expenses from ordinary activities

2.2. Accounting for operating income and expenses.

2.3. Accounting for non-operating income and expenses

2.4 Reflection in the financial statements of the financial results of the enterprise.

3. ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL RESULTS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE ENTERPRISE

3.1. Analysis of the composition and dynamics of profit before tax

3.2. Analysis of operating and non-operating financial results

3.3. Enterprise Profitability Analysis

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Russia's gradual transition from a centrally planned economic system to a market one raises in a new way the question of how the enterprise's economy should be managed. The transition to a market economy requires enterprises to increase production efficiency, competitiveness of products and services based on the introduction of scientific and technological progress, effective forms of management and production management, overcoming mismanagement, enhancing entrepreneurship, and initiative.

The market economy focuses firms on meeting the demand and needs of the market, on the needs of specific consumers and organizing the production of only those types of products that are in demand and can bring the company the profit necessary for development. The market is characterized by a constant desire to improve production efficiency, implies freedom of decision-making by those who are responsible for the final results of the company and its divisions; requires constant adjustments to the goals and planned programs of the company, depending on the state of the market. This requires a special management system, typical for market conditions.

Financial management means the management of funds, financial resources in the process of their formation and movement, distribution and redistribution, as well as use; this is a conscious and purposeful impact on economic relations, due to mutual settlements between economic entities, the movement of funds, money circulation, the use of money in order to direct them to obtain the optimal final result of management.

To meet the general needs of interested users in accounting, information is generated on the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and changes in its financial position.

Information about an entity's financial performance is required to evaluate the potential changes in resources that the entity is likely to control in the future in predicting the ability to generate cash flows from available resources while justifying the efficiency with which the entity can use additional resources.

Based on the above, the theme of the thesis "Methodological aspects of accounting and analysis of the financial results of the enterprise "Stroy-Invest" LLC" was chosen, the relevance of which is explained by the following:

profit is an important indicator of production efficiency;

profit is a part of net income, which is directly received by business entities after the sale of products;

on the one hand, profit is the main source of enterprise funds, on the other hand, it is a source of income for the state and local budgets;

profit is the most important source of covering the expenses and payments to the budget provided for in the financial plan.

The purpose of writing a thesis is to disclose the accounting for the formation of the financial result and analyze the proceeds from the economic activities of the construction organization Stroy-Invest LLC.

Based on the goal, the tasks of the course work are determined:

characterize the economic essence of financial results in a market economy;

to characterize the system of accounting and formation of the financial result.

analyze the financial results of the enterprise.

The object of study of this course work is the company Stroy-Invest LLC. The company is engaged in the construction of residential and industrial facilities in the city of Zhigulevsk and Togliatti.

When writing a term paper, the main regulatory documents relating to financial results, the latest literature on economics, accounting, statistics, audit, and financial management were used.

1. ECONOMIC ESSENCE OF FINANCIAL RESULTS IN A MARKET ECONOMY

1.1 The concept and structure of the formation of the financial result

The formation of financial results is of fundamental importance in a market economy, since profit is the motive and purpose of entrepreneurial activity. Profit is a generalizing (integral) result of activity and acts as an absolute indicator of the effectiveness of production and trading activities.

The financial result of the enterprise is expressed in the change in the value of its own capital for the reporting period. The ability of an enterprise to ensure the steady growth of its own capital can be assessed by a system of indicators of financial results.

Indicators of financial results characterize the absolute efficiency of the management of the enterprise in all areas of its activity: production, marketing, supply, financial and investment. They form the basis for the economic development of the enterprise and the strengthening of its financial relations with all participants in the commercial business.

Profit growth creates a financial base for self-financing, expanded reproduction, solving the problems of social and material incentives for personnel. Profit is also the most important source of budget revenues (federal, republican, local) repayment of the organization's debt obligations to banks, other creditors and investors. Thus, profit indicators are the most important in the system for assessing the effectiveness and business qualities of an enterprise, the degree of its reliability and financial well-being as a partner.

The issue of determining the financial result of an enterprise is one of the fundamental and most difficult issues facing accounting. Numerous studies on the subject of studying the correspondence of profit calculated in accounting to its economic content have led to a distinction between such concepts as "accounting" (formerly called balance sheet) and "economic" profit.

Accounting profit is usually understood as profit calculated in accordance with the current accounting rules and indicated in the income statement as the difference between income and expenses recognized in the reporting period. The concept of "accounting profit" in Russia was introduced on January 1, 1999 by the Regulation on accounting and financial statements in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of July 29, 1998 N 34n (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 30, 1999 N 107n, dated 03/24/2000 N 31n) (p. 79).

According to this Regulation, accounting profit is the final financial result revealed for the reporting period on the basis of accounting of all business transactions and assessment of balance sheet items. Despite the fact that in different countries the methodology for calculating the indicator of profit may differ, all these methods are united by the use of the accrual method and (with rare exceptions) the principle of historical cost (cost of acquisition) when estimating expenses.

Definitions of accounting profit are traditionally based on two main concepts: the concept of maintaining wealth, or capital preservation, and the concept of efficiency, or capital accumulation.

According to the first concept, the financial result (profit) is an increase in the equity capital (funds invested by the owners) of the enterprise during the reporting period and is the result of an improvement in the welfare of the company. This concept goes back to the idea expressed by Adam Smith that profit is the amount that can be spent without encroaching on capital, as well as to the statement of John Hicks, who clarified this idea, according to which profit is the amount that can be spent over some a period of time and at the end of this period to have the same wealth as at the beginning.

This concept is sometimes also called the concept of profit based on changes in assets and liabilities (a static balance sheet model, where assets represent funds and liabilities represent sources). This is because, under this approach, revenue or other income can only be recognized as a result of an increase in an asset or a decrease in a liability, and, accordingly, an expense cannot be recognized if it is not caused by a decrease in an asset or an increase in a liability. In other words, profit is an increase in the economic resources at the disposal of the enterprise, and loss is their decrease.

According to the second concept, profit is the difference between the income and expenses of the enterprise and the measure of the effectiveness of the enterprise and its management. Profit, according to this concept, is the result of the correct allocation of revenue and expenses for the relevant reporting periods, and most non-monetary assets and liabilities are the result of such separation. The correct separation of income and expenses implies the correlation in a given reporting period of "efforts" (ie expenses) and their corresponding "accomplishments" (ie incomes). Under this approach, income and expenses relating to future periods will be recognized as an asset or liability, regardless of whether such an asset or liability represents a real future inflow or outflow of economic resources (a dynamic balance sheet model, where an asset is treated as an expense passing into costs, and liabilities - as income, which should become values). On this approach, in essence, the concept of double entry in accounting is based, through which a double financial result is revealed: as an increase in equity (statistical balance sheet model) and as the difference between income and expenses (financial balance sheet model).

In world practice, the concept of maintaining welfare is currently recognized as the dominant one, and profit is determined through changes in assets and liabilities. However, the second concept is also used. This can be evidenced by the use of two types of accounting profit: "total" (comprehensive) profit, as a result of a change in the capital of the enterprise due to all transactions, except for transactions with owners, and "operating" profit (i.e. profit from current, or operating, activity), reflecting the effectiveness of the main activity of the enterprise for the reporting period.

The indicator of accounting profit is not without drawbacks. The main ones are the following:

There is no unambiguous and clear formulation of the concept of accounting profit in both domestic and foreign literature;

Due to the assumption of accounting standards of different countries (and often within the same country for different enterprises) the possibility of using different approaches in determining certain income and expenses, profit indicators calculated by different enterprises may not be comparable;

The change in the general price level (inflationary component) limits the comparability of data on profits calculated for different reporting periods.

The amount of profit reflected in the financial statements does not allow assessing whether the company's capital was increased or wasted during the reporting period, since the financial statements currently do not fully reflect all the economic costs of the enterprise to attract long-term resources. The financial statements do not directly recognize the "cost of capital" factor, i.e. the fact that the use of long-term resources to the enterprise from an economic point of view is more expensive than the arithmetic sum of interest and dividends paid.

Thus, despite the fact that the cost of using long-term borrowed resources may be close to the amount of interest paid on them (taking into account the effect that interest payments have on the company's tax liabilities), the cost of using equity capital is not limited to the amount of dividends paid.

From an economic point of view, the capital of an enterprise is multiplied when the economic benefits received by the enterprise from the use of long-term resources exceed the economic costs of attracting them (whether borrowed or shareholders' funds). The reverse is also true: if the economic benefits received are less than the estimated value of the "cost of capital", the enterprise is actually wasting capital.

This provision is actively used in investment analysis and by the majority of investors when making investment decisions, including decisions to acquire shares in a particular enterprise. However, it should be noted that it is currently impossible to obtain such information directly from the financial statements.

In other words, an enterprise can be profitable according to accounting data, but "eat up" its capital. The desire to assess the efficiency of the use of capital has led to the active use of the indicator of economic profit in foreign practice.

Economic profit is usually understood as the increase in the economic value of the enterprise. There are many discrepancies in determining how to calculate such an economic value, but all of them are united by a fundamental difference compared to the accounting interpretation in understanding what value after the end of the reporting period is considered to correspond to the "wealth level" at the beginning of the period.

Economic profit is usually defined as the difference between the return on invested capital (the material expression of which is net operating assets) and the weighted average cost of capital multiplied by the amount of invested capital:

EP \u003d Invested capital N (ROIC - WACC), (1)

where: EP - economic profit;

R - return on invested (invested) capital, which is calculated as the ratio of net operating profit after taxation to the amount of invested capital;

W - weighted average cost of capital calculated by the formula:

W = (Rf + b "Rem) W E + (Rf + Rdm) " (1 - T) W D, (2)

where: Rf - risk-free rate of return;

Rem is the market risk premium for investing in shares;

b - the degree of riskiness of the asset;

Rdm - market premium for risk on loan obligations;

T is the effective tax rate;

E - the share of own (share) capital in the total capital of the company as a percentage;

D - the share of borrowed capital in the total capital of the company as a percentage.

Taking into account the fact that in Russian conditions, due to the underdevelopment of the information base, it is rather difficult to determine many of the indicators necessary for calculating the weighted average cost of capital, in practice the following algorithm is often encountered, which uses basic indicators for a developed economy, but introduces certain adjustments for Russian specifics:

The risk-free rate at the beginning of the reporting period is determined based on data on the yield to maturity of long-term Eurobonds of the Russian government;

The market risk premium is taken equal to 8.5% (the value usually taken for countries with "transitional economies", including countries of Eastern Europe and Russia) and is adjusted by the coefficient b, set for a similar industry (i.e. for companies - analogues in the USA);

The premium for ruble obligations compared to dollar obligations is determined based on data on three-month deposits in the respective currencies;

The results obtained are summarized.

In addition, the calculation of the weighted average cost of capital in Russia is characterized by a certain degree of conditionality, including due to the instability of the economic situation, which is expressed in strong fluctuations in interest rates.

It is necessary to distinguish the "net operating assets" indicator, which characterizes the amount of invested capital, from the concept of "net assets", as they are designated by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated August 5, 1996 N 71 "On the procedure for assessing the value of net assets of joint-stock companies". Compared to the "net assets" indicator used in domestic practice, the concept of "net operating assets" also includes assets financed by short-term and long-term interest-bearing liabilities.

Thus, economic profit allows you to compare the return on invested capital of the company with the minimum return required to justify the expectations of investors and express the resulting difference in monetary units. Using the formula above, economic profit can also be defined as the difference between net operating income after tax and capital employed, times the weighted average cost of capital. Such a calculation of economic profit would be more appropriate to treat it as the difference between what a company earns in a given period of time and the minimum it has to earn to satisfy its investors.

It can be said that economic profit differs from accounting profit in that its calculation takes into account the cost of using all long-term and other interest-bearing liabilities (sources), and not just the cost of paying interest on borrowed funds, as is the case when calculating accounting profit . In other words, accounting profit exceeds economic profit by the value of opportunity costs or the costs of rejected opportunities.

It is economic profit that serves as a criterion for the efficiency of resource use. A positive value means that the company has earned more than is required to cover the cost of the resources used, which means that the company has created additional value for those who provided it with their capital.

If the situation is reversed, then this indicates that the organization was unable to cover the cost of using the attracted resources, or, in other words, that it was eating away the capital provided to it. Thus, the lack of economic profit can cause the flow of capital to other areas of use.

The existence of the concepts of "accounting" and "economic" profit does not mean the possibility of a direct comparison of their values. Each indicator has its own scope.

It seems more correct to characterize them as complementary ways of analyzing the activities of economic entities. The use of an indicator of economic profit can both confirm and refute the conclusions made on the basis of an indicator of accounting profit, and become the reason for further analytical work.

From the point of view of evaluating the effectiveness, the indicator of economic profit gives a more complete picture of the effectiveness of the use of existing assets by an enterprise, compared with the indicator of accounting profit, due to the fact that it compares the financial result obtained by a particular enterprise with the result that will provide it with real, and not just nominal, savings. invested funds. In this regard, it is the indicator of economic profit that is seen as more capacious and useful when an investor makes a decision about his actions in relation to the company's securities.

1.2 Analysis of the composition and dynamics of balance sheet profit. Analysis of financial results from ordinary activities

In the process of analysis, it is necessary to study the composition of profit from ordinary activities, its structure, dynamics and the implementation of the plan for the reporting year. When studying the dynamics of profit, it is necessary to take into account inflationary factors in changing its amount. To do this, revenue must be adjusted for the average weighted increase in prices for the company's products on average for the industry, and the cost of goods, products (works, services) should be reduced by their increase as a result of an increase in prices for consumed resources over the analyzed period. To analyze profits in terms of composition and dynamics, an analytical table is compiled. Where the indicators for the base period and the reporting period are considered, the balance data from operating, non-operating expenses and income, profit from sales and ordinary activities are compared.

The main part of the profit of the enterprise is received from ordinary activities, which include profit from the sale of products (works, services).

Profit from sales of products in general for the enterprise depends on four factors of the first level of subordination: sales volume of products (VRP); its structure (LE i); prime cost (З i) and the level of average selling prices (Ц i).

The volume of sales of products can have a positive and negative impact on the amount of profit. An increase in sales of cost-effective products leads to a proportional increase in profits. If the product is unprofitable, then with an increase in sales, there is a decrease in the amount of profit.

The structure of marketable products can have both a positive and a negative impact on the amount of profit. If the share of more profitable types of products in the total volume of its sales increases, then the amount of profit will increase, and vice versa, with an increase in the share of low-profit or unprofitable products, the total amount of profit will decrease.

The cost of production and profit are inversely proportional: with an increase in the price level, the amount of profit increases and vice versa.

Figure 1. Scheme of factor analysis of profit

The calculation of the influence of these factors on the amount of profit can be performed by the method of chain substitutions, successively replacing the planned value of each factor with the actual value

Change in the amount of profit due to:

sales volume (3)

commodity structure (4)

average selling prices (5)

cost of goods sold (6)

First you need to find the amount of profit with the actual sales volume and the target value of other factors. To do this, you should calculate the percentage of the implementation of the plan for the volume of sales of products, and then adjust the planned amount of profit by this percentage.

The fulfillment of the plan in terms of sales volume is calculated by comparing the actual volume of sales with the planned one in physical (if the products are homogeneous), conditionally natural and in value terms (if the products are heterogeneous in composition), for which it is desirable to use the base (planned) level of cost of individual products, so how the cost is less affected by the structural factor than revenue.

Then you should determine the amount of profit with the actual volume and structure of products sold, but with the planned cost and planned prices. To do this, it is necessary to subtract the conditional amount of costs from the conditional revenue:

Table 1.2

Calculation of the influence of factors of the first level on the change in the amount of profit from sales

Index	Terms of payment				Calculation procedure	The amount of profit
Index	volume of sales	commodity structure	price	cost price	Calculation procedure	The amount of profit
Plan	Plan	Plan	Plan	Plan
Condition1	Fact	Plan	Plan	Plan
Condition2	Fact	Fact	Plan	Plan
Condition3	Fact	Fact	Fact	Plan
Fact	Fact	Fact	Fact	Fact

If the enterprise produces heterogeneous types of products, then the structure of sold products is determined by the ratio of each type of product in the estimate at the planned cost to the total sales of products in the same estimate. In this situation, the model is used to calculate the influence of the structural factor on the change in the total amount of profit.

Where R ipl - planned profitability i x types of products (the ratio of the amount of profit to the total cost of sales).

It is also necessary to analyze the implementation of the plan and the dynamics of profit from the sale of certain types of products, the value of which depends on three factors of the first order: the volume of sales of products (VRP i), cost (Z edi) and average selling prices (Pi). The factorial model of profit from the sale of certain types of products has the form

(10)

1.3 Analysis of financial results from other activities

The fulfillment of the plan for profit largely depends on the financial results of activities that are not related to the sale of products. These are financial results obtained from operating, non-operating transactions and extraordinary circumstances.

The analysis is reduced mainly to the study of the dynamics and causes of losses and profits for each specific case. Losses from the payment of fines arise in connection with the violation by certain services of agreements with other enterprises, organizations and institutions. The analysis establishes the reasons for non-fulfilled obligations, measures are taken to prevent mistakes.

A change in the amount of fines received can occur not only as a result of violation of contractual obligations by suppliers and contractors, but also due to the weakening of financial control over them. Therefore, when analyzing this indicator, it should be checked whether, in all cases of violation of contractual obligations, appropriate sanctions were presented to suppliers.

Losses from writing off bad receivables usually occur at those enterprises where the establishment of accounting and control over the state of settlements is at a low level. Profits (losses) of previous years, revealed in the current year, also indicate shortcomings in accounting.

Income from securities (shares, bonds, promissory notes, certificates, etc.) deserves special attention. Enterprises holding securities receive certain income in the form of dividends. In the process of analysis, the dynamics of dividends, share prices, net profit per share is studied, the rates of their growth or decrease are established.

At the end of the analysis, specific measures are developed aimed at preventing and reducing losses and losses from these types of activities.

In the conditions of market relations, as world practice shows, there are three main sources of profit.

The first source is formed due to the monopoly position of the enterprise for the production of a particular product and the uniqueness of the product. Maintaining this source at a relatively high level implies constant product updates. Here, one should take into account such counteracting forces as the antitrust policy of the state and the growing competition from other enterprises.

The second source is directly related to industrial and entrepreneurial activities. It applies to almost all businesses. The effectiveness of its use depends on the knowledge of market conditions and the ability to adapt the development of production to this constantly changing environment. The amount of profit in this case depends, firstly, on the correct choice of the production direction of the enterprise for the production of products (the choice of products that are in stable and high demand); secondly, from the creation of competitive conditions for the sale of their goods and the provision of services (price, delivery time, customer service); thirdly, from production (the greater the volume of production, the greater the mass of profit); Fourth, from the structure of cost reduction.

The third source stems from the innovative activity of the enterprise. Its use involves the constant updating of products, ensuring their competitiveness, increasing sales volumes and increasing the mass of profits.

1.4 Financial Performance Management

Under the management of financial results, enterprises understand a set of measures to manage the monetary relations of an enterprise, implemented in a certain order by a responsible structure to solve interrelated tasks of restoring, strengthening and expanding finances.

In general, the current tasks of managing financial results are determined by the economic activity of the enterprise, which is recorded in almost every charter: - improving financial results or maximizing profits.

Specific objectives to improve the financial result include:

cost optimization (assessment of the size and structure, identification of reserves, recommendations for reduction, etc.);

optimization of income (ratio of profits and taxes, distribution of profits, etc.);

restructuring of the company's assets (selection and provision of a reasonable ratio of current assets);

ensuring additional income of the enterprise (from non-core sales and financial activities, restructuring of the property complex - “dumping” of excess types of property, fixed assets, long-term financial investments);

improvement of settlements with counterparties (increasing the cash component in sales volume);

improvement of financial relations with subsidiaries.

The ratio of these tasks by building a "tree of goals" and highlighting priorities should be determined by the results of financial policy.

Thus, it is possible to define the main objects in the management of financial results in an enlarged way:

Regulation of financial results of production activities, i.e. determination of optimal options for the formation of individual elements of the cost of production, distribution of costs, pricing, taxation, etc.

Asset management is an activity related to the formation of the property of an enterprise.

Property processes are primarily associated with investments directed by the enterprise for technical development (reconstruction, updating of technological equipment, development of new types of products, construction and repair of real estate production property, etc.), financial investments (acquisition of securities, creation of subsidiaries etc.), financing current production activities, maneuvering temporarily free cash, as well as with reverse processes - the use, liquidation of objects of the property complex, their sale, etc.

In this regard, the financial manager faces interrelated and multidirectional tasks - on the one hand, the choice of the most profitable investment option, and on the other hand, constant monitoring of the effective use of the existing property complex.

Indeed, the management of financial results cannot be called effective, even if, even when carrying out successful current investment activities, no attention is paid to the ballast in the existing assets of the enterprise: financial investments that do not generate income, unused fixed assets, excess inventories, frozen capital construction, etc. From excess material assets must be disposed of by all possible means, since, firstly, their implementation provides an additional inflow of funds, which, as a rule, is not enough, secondly, this leads to a reduction in the cost of their maintenance and, thirdly, reduces the tax burden in terms of property tax.

Management of sources of financial resources - management of own and borrowed capital.

As sources of financial resources in any enterprise, both own and borrowed funds are used. The financial manager must choose sources, having previously assessed the cost of these resources, the degree of financial risk, and the possible consequences for the financial condition of the enterprise.

Attraction of paid financial resources is associated with the analysis of production efficiency. If the profitability of production is higher than bank interest, then attracting loans is beneficial, since the expansion of production in connection with the attraction of borrowed capital increases the total mass of profit. And vice versa, if the bank interest is higher than the level of profitability of production, then not only all the profit received, but also part of the own funds goes to pay off the fee for the use of borrowed funds. Therefore, it is advisable for low-profit enterprises to attract borrowed funds not to solve current problems, but as long-term investments for really effective projects.

The same applies to the enterprise's debt to the budget and extra-budgetary funds - after the due date of payments, the debt can be considered as paid crediting of the enterprise by the state.

Accounts payable to personnel and suppliers (due to established contractual practice, contracts usually do not stipulate penalties for late payments) can be considered as relatively cheap sources of financial resources. Relativity is determined by indirect consequences.

In the first case, when debt accumulates, suppliers may stop deliveries, and the company will have to look for alternative, often more expensive suppliers. With an increase in the delay in the payment of wages, social tension increases, the likelihood of a strike movement, a disruption in the production program, an outflow of qualified personnel, etc. increases.

From a financial point of view, the most secure source of additional financial resources can be considered an additional issue of shares. But this process is significantly extended in time, moreover, the payment of issued securities is probabilistic in nature, with significant costs for the emission process itself.

Thus: for better management, profits are classified as follows:

total profit (loss) of the reporting period - balance sheet profit (loss);

profit (loss) from the sale of products (works, services);

profit from financial activities;

profit (loss) from other non-operating transactions;

taxable income;

net profit.

All indicators are contained in the form No. 2 of the quarterly and annual financial statements of the enterprise - "Profit and Loss Statement".

Profit is the most important indicator that characterizes the financial result of the enterprise. The growth of profit determines the growth of the potential of the enterprise, increases the degree of its business activity. Profit determines the share of income of founders and owners, the amount of dividends and other income. Profit also determines the profitability of own and borrowed funds, fixed assets, all advanced capital and each share. Characterizing the profitability of investments in the assets of a given enterprise and the degree of skillfulness of its management, profit is the best measure of the financial health of an enterprise. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly outline the tasks and objects of management in order to achieve the best financial result.

1.5 Technical and economic characteristics of the enterprise "STROY-INVEST" LLC

Stroy-Invest Limited Liability Company was established on the basis of a decision of the general meeting of participants dated November 10, 2002 and registered by a resolution of the mayor of the city of Togliatti dated December 14. 2002, No. 3489. Construction organization "Stroy-Invest" was founded in 2002.

ABOUT main field of activity:

Construction,

production of building materials and structures,

special, finishing, design works,

technological equipment,

road transport,

building mechanization

investment activities

ABOUT field of activity:

Construction of buildings and structures at industrial and civil facilities.

A distinctive quality of Stroy-Invest construction company, when performing the functions of a general contractor, was the company's focus on meeting deadlines, a decent quality of finishing of premises handed over to the customer and a guarantee for the operation of all engineering systems and structures performed by subcontractors at the facility.

Stroy-Invest LLC operates in the construction services market and today occupies its niche among specialists specializing in the creation of modern interiors from an idea to a turnkey implementation of an object.

It is advisable to enter the main indicators of the technical and economic characteristics of the activities of LLC STROY-INVEST in the table

Table 2.1

Technical and economic characteristics of STROY-INVEST LLC

Name of indicator	Fak. for last year	Fak. for the report. year	Deviations
Name of indicator	Fak. for last year	Fak. for the report. year	Abs.	Rel.
1. Proceeds from the sale of products, rub.	1691800	567402	-1124398	-66,46
2. Cost of products sold, rub	1683745	444661	-1239084	-73,59
3. Average list number. employees, people	8	8	0	0
4.Salary fund of employees, rub	86400	92200	+5800	+6,71
5. Average annual cost of OPF, rub	25789	19342	-6447	-24,999
6. Balance sheet profit (loss), rub.	15860	21453	+5593	+35,26
7.Net profit	11554	15787	+4233	+36,63
Estimated indicators
8. Average annual output of a worker, rub.	281966,66	94567	-187399,6	-66,46
9. Costs for 1 rub. comrade products, rub./rub	0,995	0,78	-0,21	-21,25
10. Average monthly salary of a worker, rub	1200	1280,55	+80,55	+6,71
11. Salary costs for 1 rub. product. products, rub./rub.	0,051	0,16	+0,111	+218,2
12. Capital productivity, rub./rub	65,60	29,33	-36,26	-55,2
13. Capital intensity, rub / rub	0,015	0,03	+0,018	+123,6
14. Capital-labor ratio, thousand rubles/person	4298,16	3223,6	-1074,5	-24,9
15. Profitability overall	0,941	4,82	+3,88	+412,2
16. Estimated profitability	0,68	3,55	+2,86	+417,3

Based on the indicators and calculations of the table of technical and economic indicators, we can say that the proceeds from the sale of products, works, services decreased by -1,124,398 rubles. or by -66.5%. The cost of goods sold and services rendered decreased by -1,239,084 rubles. or 74%. Accordingly, the costs decreased by 1 rub. marketable products by -0.21 rub./rub. or 21%. The decrease in revenue and reduction in costs was not proportional, there is a decrease in cost to a greater extent than a decrease in revenue. At the same time, during the reporting period, an increase in balance sheet profit by +5593 rubles was observed. or +35%. Net profit also increased by +4233 rubles. or +37%.

The average number of employees at the company LLC "STROY-INVEST" has not increased and is 6 people both last year and in the reporting year. The wage fund increased by +5800 rubles. or +7%. At the same time, the average annual output of a worker decreased by -187,399.6 rubles. silt by -66%. The cost of wages increased by 1 rub. marketable products by +0.111 rub./rub. The average annual cost of OPF decreased by -6447 rubles. Due to the decrease in revenue not in proportion to the decrease in the average annual cost of fixed assets, the return on assets decreased by -36.26 rubles, which is -55%. Accordingly, capital intensity increased by +0.018 rub./rub. The capital-labor ratio decreased, due to the decrease in the cost of fixed assets and the unchanged number of employees at the enterprise LLC "STROY-INVEST", the decrease is 25%. The overall profitability increased by +3.88 points, and the estimated profitability increased by +2.86 points, which is +417% and +412%, respectively. Thus, the financial and economic activity of the enterprise "STROY-INVEST" LLC can be considered satisfactory.

2. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ACCOUNTING and its improvement

2.1 Accounting for income and expenses from ordinary activities

In accordance with the accounting policy of the LLC STROY-INVEST organization, the balance sheet profit and the use of profit are reflected in account 99 Profits and losses. For tax purposes, the proceeds from the sale of goods and services are considered as payment is reflected in account 90 “Sales”. All current production costs are reflected in the cost of sales of services and are accounted for on account 40. Costs for the sale of purchased materials are reflected on account 20 "main production"

The method of determining the proceeds from the sale of works (services) is established by the construction organization for the reporting year based on the conditions of management and concluded contracts and is an element of the accounting policy of the construction organization.

In accounting, profit or loss from the sale (sale) of construction products is determined in a manner similar to determining profit from the sale (sale) of products (works, services) of organizations in other sectors of the sphere of material production

Debit 90 "Sales", subaccount "Cost of sales"

For the amount of the actual cost of the delivered construction and installation works;

Debit 62 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” “Settlements with buyers and customers”

Credit 90 "Sales", sub-account "Revenue"

For the amount of the contractual value of the delivered construction and installation works;

Debit 90 "Sales", sub-account "Profit / loss from sales"

Loan 99 "Profit and Loss"

For the amount of profit from the implementation (sale) of construction and installation works

The proceeds from the performance of construction work is for construction organizations income from ordinary activities on the basis of clause 5 of the Accounting Regulation "Income of the organization" PBU 9/99, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 N 32n. At the same time, according to clause 13 of PBU 9/99, an organization may recognize in accounting the proceeds from the performance of work as the work is ready (i.e., in stages) or upon completion of the work as a whole.

A similar procedure for the recognition of revenue by construction organizations (contractors) is provided for by the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for agreements (contracts) for capital construction" PBU 2/2008, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 12/20/1994 N 167. According to clause 16 PBU 2/2008, the contractor may apply two methods for determining the financial result, depending on the accepted forms of determining income. When determining income as individual work is completed on structural elements or stages, the “Income from the cost of work as it is completed” method can be applied.

When applying the method "Income on the cost of work as they are ready", the financial result of the contractor is revealed for a certain reporting period of time after the complete completion of individual works on the structural elements or stages provided for by the project, as the difference between the volume of work performed and the costs attributable to them (p .17 RAS 2/2008).

According to the Chart of Accounts for accounting of the financial and economic activities of organizations and the Instructions for its application, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 N 94n, the amount of the advance payment received for the first stage of work is reflected in the accounting records under the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” in correspondence with cash accounts, in this case with account 51 “Settlement accounts”. In this case, advances are recorded on account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” separately.

To summarize information on the stages of work completed in accordance with the concluded contracts, which have independent significance, the Chart of Accounts provides account 46 “Completed stages of work in progress”. The debit of account 46 “Completed stages of work in progress” takes into account the cost of the stages of work completed by the organization, paid by the customer, accepted in the prescribed manner, in correspondence with account 90 “Sales”, subaccount 90-1 “Revenue”. At the same time, the amount of costs for completed and accepted stages of work is debited from the credit of account 20 “Main production” to Debit 90 “Sales”, subaccount 90-2 “Cost of sales”.

The amounts of funds received from customers in payment for completed and accepted stages are reflected in the accounting records of the LLC STROY-INVEST enterprise in the debit of cash accounts in correspondence with account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”. The indicated amounts are advance payments for the organization and are also accounted for separately on account 62.

Upon completion of the entire work as a whole, the cost of the stages paid by the customer, recorded on account 46 “Completed stages for work in progress”, is written off to Debit 62 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, “Settlements with buyers and customers”, i.e. account 46 is closed after the delivery of the completed construction object to the customer.

When recognizing proceeds from the performance of work by stages, the delivery of a separate stage of the work performed for tax purposes is considered as the sale of these works with the accrual and payment of taxes established by law on such sale.

In the above table 2.1, the name of sub-account 62-1 "Settlements with customers for advances received."

Table 2.1

Content of operations	Debit	Credit	primary document
An advance payment was received for the implementation of the first stage of construction work	51	62-1
Accrued for payment to the budget the amount of VAT from the advance	62-1	68	Invoice
Reflected the contractual cost of the 1st stage of construction work performed by the organization	46	90-1	The act of acceptance of work performed
The amount of VAT payable to the budget has been accrued	90-3	68	Invoice
The amount of VAT accrued upon receipt of an advance payment was accepted for deduction	68	62-1	Accounting information
The cost of the 1st stage of construction work accepted by the customer was written off	90-2	20	Accounting reference-calculation
Received the remaining amount of payment from the customer for the completed stage of construction work	51	62-1	Bank statement on current account
Reflected the financial result from the implementation of the first stage of construction work	90-9	99	Accounting reference-calculation

The receipt of funds in the form of an advance on account of the forthcoming performance of work is formalized by the construction organization by drawing up an invoice and the corresponding entries in the sales book. Upon delivery of the work performed against the received advance or other payments, an adjustment entry is made in the sales book, reducing the previously accrued tax amount on these payments.

The financial result from the sale of other assets of the organization (including intangible assets) is reflected in a similar manner and is also formed on account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

In accounting, the financial result from these operations is documented by postings:

Debit 90 "Sales"

Loan 23 "Auxiliary production"

For the amount of the actual cost of works and services of auxiliary production;

Debit 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"

Credit 90 "Sales"

For the amount of the contractual value of the sold works and services;

Debit 90 "Sales"

For the amount of profit

The financial result from the sale to third parties of products and services of ancillary and auxiliary industries is determined as the difference between the cost of these products (services) at sales prices without value added tax and other deductions provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, and its cost.

2.2 Accounting for operating income and expenses

The composition of operating income and expenses is determined by PBU 9/99 and PBU 10/99. The main part of operating income and expenses is income and expenses from the disposal of property (except for the sale of finished products (works, services and goods)) and from participation in other organizations (revenues and expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use of the organization's assets, rights, arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property, income and expenses associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, profit or loss from participation in joint activities).

Accounting for income and expenses from the sale of assets (excluding finished products and goods). Upon disposal of depreciable property due to sale, write-off due to the end of the useful life and for other reasons, gratuitous transfer, the amount of depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets is written off to the debit of accounts 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”, 05 “Depreciation of intangible assets” from the credit of accounts 01 "Fixed assets" and 04 "Intangible assets". The residual value of fixed assets and intangible assets is debited from the credit of accounts 01 and 04 to the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”. In the debit of account 91, all expenses associated with the disposal of depreciable property (including VAT on sold property) are also written off.

When determining the profit (loss) from the sale of fixed assets and other property of a construction organization, the difference (excess) between the sale price, without value added tax and other deductions provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, and the initial (replacement) or residual value of these funds and property is taken into account , increased by the inflation index in the prescribed manner. In this case, the residual value of the property is applied to fixed assets, intangible assets.

In the accounting of the enterprise LLC "STROY-INVEST", the formation of profit (loss) for this group of operations is reflected in the following entries:

Sub-account "Other expenses"

Loan 01 "Fixed assets"

For the amount of the value of fixed assets sold;

Debit 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets"

Credit 47 - for the amount of accrued depreciation;

From the credit of account 01, the sub-account “Retirement of fixed assets” is deducted from the residual value of the objects being sold, which is formed on this account (sub-account);

Debit 91 “Other income and expenses” credit of production cost accounts - for the amount of the cost of expenses associated with the sale of fixed assets;

Debit 62 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"

Sub-account "Other income"

For the amount of the contractual value of the realized (sold) objects of fixed assets;

Debit 91 "Other income and expenses", sub-account "Balance of other income and expenses"

Loan 99 "Profit Loss"

For the amount of profit

Debit 99 "Profit losses"

Loan 91 "Other income and expenses"

For the amount of the loss.

Upon disposal of materials and other non-depreciable property due to sale, write-off due to damage, gratuitous transfer, their value is written off to the debit of accounts 91 “Other income and expenses”. The amount of buyers' debt for the sold property is reflected in the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" and the credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses".

When carrying out operations on contributions to the authorized capitals of other organizations and on contributions of participants in a simple partnership to the common property of partners with non-monetary funds, a difference usually arises between the value of the transferred property and the agreed assessment of the contribution. This difference is reflected depending on its value in the credit or debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” (the excess of the agreed value over the accounting value is reflected in the debit of account 58 “Financial investments” and the credit of account 91; the opposite ratio is in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” and the credit of account 58).

Income from participation in other organizations can be taken into account:

on the actual receipt of funds;

on preliminary accrual of income and entries on accounts.

In the first option, as funds are received, accounts 50, 51, 52, 55 are debited and account 91 “Other income and expenses” is credited.

In the second option, accrued income is drawn up in the following accounting entry:

For the amount of income from contributions to the authorized capital of other organizations, rent and dividends

Loan 91 "Other income and expenses" - for the entire amount of accrued income

STROY-INVEST LLC reflects received payments on income in the debit of cash accounts (50 "Cashier", 51 "Settlement Account",) and the credit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors".

Deductions to estimated reserves (for depreciation of material assets, secured by investments in securities, for doubtful debts) are reflected in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” and on the credit of accounts 14 “Reserves for the depreciation of material assets”, 59 “Reserves for depreciation of investments in securities” and 63 “Provisions for doubtful debts”. Unused reserves in the period following the period of their creation are written off to the debit of accounts 14 “Reserves for the depreciation of material assets”, 59 “Reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities” and 63 “Reserves for doubtful debts” from the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses".

2.3 Accounting for non-operating income and expenses

In accordance with PBU 9/99 and 10/99, non-operating income and expenses are:

Fines, penalties, forfeits for violations of the terms of contracts received and paid;

Assets received and transferred free of charge, including under a donation agreement;

Receipts in compensation and compensation for losses caused to the organization;

Profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year, and losses of previous years, recognized in the reporting year;

Amounts of accounts payable, depositors and receivables for which the limitation period has expired;

Exchange differences;

The amount of revaluation and devaluation of assets;

Transfer of funds related to charitable activities, expenses for the implementation of sports events, recreation, entertainment, cultural and educational events and other similar events;

Other non-operating income and expenses.

Proceeds from the payment of fines, penalties, various forfeits and other types of sanctions are reflected in the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” and in the debit of accounts for accounting for cash and settlements with debtors.

The amounts of fines, penalties, forfeits and amounts from other sanctions paid by the enterprise LLC "STROY-INVEST" are reflected in the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" from the credit of cash accounts. At the same time, the amounts paid to the budget in the form of sanctions are not included in the composition of expenses on non-operating operations, but are attributed to the reduction of profit on account 99 “Profit and Loss”.

The profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year, is reflected in the debit of account 51 “Settlement account” and the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, losses are recorded as a reverse accounting entry.

The amounts of accounts payable and depositor debts, for which the limitation period has expired, are written off to Debit 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” and Credit 91 “Other income and expenses”. Accounts receivable, for which the limitation period has expired, is written off from the credit of account 76 to the account of the reserve for doubtful debts (63) or to Debit 91 "Other income and expenses".

Positive exchange rate differences, depending on the object of accounting, are made out by the following accounting entries:

Debit 58 "Financial investments"

For the difference on operations with financial investments

Debit of accounts 50 "Cashier", 52 "Currency account"

For the difference in cash in foreign currency

Debit 71 “Settlements with accountable persons” (on operations of issuing currency for a report) and other accounts

For debts to suppliers and contractors, a positive exchange rate difference is reflected in the credit of account 91 and the debit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”.

Negative exchange rate differences are made out by reverse accounting entries in relation to a positive exchange rate difference.

The amount of revaluation of assets is debited from the credit of account 91 to the debit of asset accounting accounts, the amount of asset discount is recorded as a reverse accounting entry.

In Debit 91 "Other income and expenses" from the credit of various accounts, expenses related to charitable activities, the implementation of the following activities are written off: sports, recreation, entertainment, cultural and educational nature and other similar ones.

Other non-operating expenses and losses are written off from the debit or credit of the relevant accounts at the time of their discovery to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

Credit 20 "Main production"

The costs of canceled production orders were written off (for the cost of unused semi-finished products, parts and assemblies), 97 “Deferred expenses” (for the amount of production preparation costs related to canceled orders), etc.

Analytical accounting on account 91 “Other income and expenses” is kept for each type of other income and expenses. At the same time, the construction of analytical accounting for other income and expenses related to the same financial, business transaction should provide the possibility of identifying the financial result for each transaction.

In the accounting records of STROY-INVEST LLC, funds due for receipt are reflected in the following posting:

Debit 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors"

Loan 91 "Other income and expenses"

rental income from property

Debit 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors"

Loan 91 "Other income and expenses"

Amounts received to pay off receivables written off in previous years as a loss as uncollectible -

Debit 51 "Settlement accounts"

Loan 91 "Other income and expenses"

Fines, penalties, forfeits and other types of sanctions awarded or recognized by the debtor for violation of the terms of business contracts, as well as for compensation for losses incurred

Debit 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", sub-account "Settlements on claims"

Loan 91 "Other income and expenses"

profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year -

debit of accounts for accounting for unrecorded receipts

Loan 91 "Other income and expenses"

Other income from operations not directly related to the production and sale of products (works, services) -

debit of income accounting accounts Credit 91 “Other income and expenses”.

Non-operating (other) expenses are taken into account, respectively, in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

Non-operating expenses include:

Costs of canceled construction contracts, canceled production orders, and costs of production that did not produce output.

In accounting, such a write-off is reflected in the posting: