Today it is difficult to imagine the design and technological preparation of production without automation software. The widespread introduction of computer-aided design systems has made it possible to take a fresh look at the process of designing and manufacturing products. The most knowledge-intensive industries have become active users and supporters of computer technology. The possibility of modeling the future appearance of the product, the process of manufacturing tooling and testing technology has grown into a need. Among domestic and foreign developments, which are able to combine various areas of design and production into a single, end-to-end technological process, one of the leading places is occupied by the domestic CAD / CAM / CAPP system ADEM, whose work experience in the field of pre-production automation exceeds 20 years. The developers continue to justify the hopes of domestic and foreign users, developing the package in such areas as ergonomics, functionality and adaptability.

End-to-end design and preparation of production in the educational process.

When developing the system, the ADEM Group focused not only on the need to automate design and technological work at industrial enterprises, but also on the training of qualified personnel who can easily master modern design tools. Therefore, ADEM is distributed and used not only among specialists involved in real production, but also among the country's universities, secondary vocational schools, colleges, and schools. Ease of development and operation, as well as an integrated approach to the automation of the work of a designer and technologist, allows students to quickly and visually present the design process using modern tools.

But how can the conditions for teaching a software product be brought as close as possible to the modern realities of industrial production?

One of the methods is the creation of software and hardware complexes, which, in addition to the automated workplace of the designer, technologist, technologist-programmer on the CNC, should include the possibility of direct manufacturing of products designed and prepared for production in ADEM. Therefore, the best option for such integration, for system training, would be a visual link Computer - CAD / CAM / CAPP system - training machine (universal or CNC).

The ADEM group of companies has been working with companies specializing in the production and sale of small-sized equipment for several years. Special tools have been developed to support such equipment, which are successfully used both in the design of machine tools and in further work with this equipment.

One of the most successful examples of such work is the long-term cooperation between ADEM developers and Didactic Systems specialists.

JSC "DiSys" ("Didactic Systems") specializes mainly in the development and production of educational equipment, teaching materials for the vocational education system and advanced training systems for specialists employed in various industries.

After studying the market for design and production preparation systems, DiSys specialists decided to use the CAD / CAM ADEM system, as it supports an end-to-end process with a single design and technological model, which is important for successful interaction between designers and technologists, as well as other enterprise specialists. The use of end-to-end design methods allows you to quickly and easily create drawings, documents describing a set of processes, as well as significantly reduce the time and improve the quality of technological preparation for production.

When choosing a program, the decisive influence was the extraordinary ease of mastering the system, thoughtful and complete help built into the system. This turned out to be important, first of all, because ADEM was planned to be used not only for the design and manufacture of their own equipment, but also for the subsequent training of specialists in CAD / CAM / CAPP technologies, illustrating the process of end-to-end design. After all, it is known that using CAD / CAM ADEM, the designer and technologist work side by side, and the three-dimensional model created by the designer is almost immediately translated into drawings and CNC programs, taking into account the equipment and tools used at the enterprise.

The recommended implementation of an end-to-end process of this level in educational institutions is the delivery of a training class consisting of: small-sized desktop 3-axis milling machines and the domestic integrated CAD / CAM system ADEM, as a system for design and technological preparation of production and a system that directly controls these machines. It is assumed that every two students work on one machine, thus, we get double places, consisting of two computers and one machine, the classroom room accommodates 6 such double places and one teacher's place, also equipped with a computer with the ADEM system installed on it for timely verification of students' work . At the same time, in addition to the hardware, CAD / CAM / CAPP systems, the kit also includes methodological materials for teaching students (teachers, specialists) how to connect the workstation of a designer-technologist plus a CNC machine.

According to numerous reviews of teachers of educational institutions in which such projects have been implemented (Volgograd State College of Management and New Technologies, College of Automation and Radioelectronics No. 27 (Moscow), Cheboksary Professional Lyceum, etc.), such a class is more like a research laboratory than familiar technical room.

It was this solution that was demonstrated at the joint booth of ADEM and DiSys at the latest Vertol-EXPO exhibition in Rostov-on-Don. The exposition included a simplified version of the class described above: 2 workstations for a designer-technologist and 2 machine tools (milling and turning).

Fig 1. The complex of CAD/CAM technologies in education aroused genuine interest among the exhibitors

An example of the practical implementation of an end-to-end process with CAD / CAM / CAPP ADEM in the educational process

We have repeatedly talked about the use of ADEM in schools, secondary vocational schools, universities. Examples of diploma and term papers are constantly replenished, which is significant, since end-to-end technologies with subsequent direct production are very popular among students and arouse understandable interest. One of the latest illustrative examples of the use of a software and hardware complex for educational institutions today is the interesting work of two students of the College of Automation and Radio Electronics from Moscow, Alexei Rozhkov and Alexei Ivanov, entitled “Designing parts with a complex contour using the ADEM system and manufacturing on machines with program management". Its purpose was: to study the technology of manufacturing parts with complex contours using chess pieces as an example, to obtain control programs for CNC machines, as well as to manufacture chess pieces using equipment and software.

Geometric models were developed directly in the ADEM CAD module. To draw up a processing technology on a CNC machine, a graphic model does not have to have the form of a fully executed drawing, since only the geometric contour of the part is needed to create a control program in the CAM module of the ADEM system. In this case, it is not required to build a complete geometric contour, it is enough to depict a half of the contour located above the axis of symmetry of the part.

Rice. 2. Sketch of the part for turning

After the creation of the geometric model, additional geometric constructions were performed, with the help of which the contours of the workpiece material areas removed during the turning process were assigned. Additional geometric constructions, in turn, are determined by the intended processing route, that is, a description of which parts of the part, how and in what order, will be processed.

Rice. 3. Sketch of the part with the workpiece (hatching area - the amount of stock to be removed)

The processing technology is created in the CAM module of the ADEM system. Before creating a technological model, a figure processing route is developed. The capabilities of the ADEM system allow using a wide variety of sequences of actions in the CAM module when creating a technology.

Rice. 4. Calculation of the tool path

Based on the results of the calculation, the tool path is displayed on the working field of the CAM module and a dialog box appears with a message about the results of the calculation. If the technology is correctly compiled, a message appears in the window about the successful completion of the calculations. The result of the calculations - the control program is immediately transferred to the appropriate equipment.

Rice. 5 Chess piece queen on a lathe.

As a result of the work done, chess pieces were made on CNC lathes (body of revolution - pawn, bishop, queen, king) and milling (knight, separate parts of the rook) laboratory groups.

Rice. 6. Chess pieces made with ADEM bond - CNC training machine. The work of students of the College of Automation and Radioelectronics.

Thus, on the example of this work, we saw the practical implementation of a simple and effective idea of ​​combining methodological developments focused on the integrated use of the CAD / CAM / CAPP system - CNC machine and the formation of skills in working with modern software and equipment among students of colleges and universities.

The article uses excerpts from the work of Rozhkov Alexey and Ivanov Alexey (College of Automation and Radioelectronics)

Methodology for organizing "end-to-end design" in AutoCAD using LOTSMAN PGS

1. Theory

1.1. What is end-to-end design

End-to-end design in this context is: one of the options for organizing group work with the ability to instantly update repetitive graphic data on all project drawings. In this case, any graphic materials (in our case, DWG files) can be logically assigned the status of "data source" or "data importer". The data importer will include the data source. And easier - a link to the data source will be inserted into it.

For example: a general planner engineer develops drawings of a GP set, on the basis of which network engineers develop plans for laying external networks. "networkers" need to know the position of the designed building, driveways, sidewalks and the existing topographic situation. They are forced to wait for the "general planner" until he finishes the formation of his drawing. In turn, the "general planner" needs topography from the "topographers" and the contours of the designed buildings from the "architects" to create the general plan.

Task: reduce waiting time, increase the efficiency of interaction between specialists.

The end-to-end design technique allows you to organize communication between all design participants at the level of the graphic environment through the AutoCAD "external links" tool.

AutoCAD tool "external links" - allows you to organize a link between two or more drawings. Those. I can import (hereinafter, this concept will mean the _attach command, which is also the insertion of an external link) into my drawing a fragment (after inserting, we can trim the external link - assign a display border) from any other drawing that another engineer created, even if he is editing it at the moment. In this case, the fragment inserted into my drawing will be updated on its own when the data source changes. Moreover, if new layers appear on this fragment that I may not need, I will be informed about this and in a timely manner I will be able to turn off their display or override their properties (new layers matching filter, in the layer manager). Those. I will always have up-to-date information received from other design participants and can start work earlier, before they finish their drawing completely, as soon as I see that there is enough data to start designing.

For example: as in the old fashioned way - network engineers of 5-7 people are forced to wait for the "general planner" until he finishes the drawing of the general plan. At some stages, they "networkers" can take intermediate versions of the general plan from him and copy them into a drawing, start work (while the copies are completely independent of the source). With any change in the general plan, they are forced to constantly update the data from the general planner and replace them in their drawings with new ones. At the same time, regularly spending time on separating the "grains from the chaff", suffering on the transfer from one scale to another, etc. But the outcome with this technique is often the same. The data is taken once and is no longer updated. And at a certain stage, a number of designers have several versions of the same data that begin to develop in parallel, eventually leading to inconsistencies in the parts of the project, which usually result in wasted time and correction of drawings at the last moment.

So, the use of the “end-to-end design” technique allows:

eliminate the appearance of inconsistencies between individual sections of the project

because it allows you to track the update of the source data in real time (excluding work in an unnecessary direction)

this eliminates manual updating of the source data (data is imported once and updated automatically when the source changes)

With this scheme, it is possible to minimize the human error factor that occurs due to insufficient awareness of the project participants about the progress of the process.

1.2. The end-to-end design process imposes certain requirements on the skills and style of working in the AutoCAD program, as well as on the version of the software product itself.

Skills:

Designers must be able to:

work with the layer properties manager.

work with the layer states manager.

use a set of commands for "external link" objects.

Style:

the designer must group all the objects into layers, creating a "logistics" that meets the needs of the subcontractors, providing the ability to override the properties of the layers.

the design team must have a common syntax for naming layers. (i.e. it’s more logical to name the main axes of the building as “Main Axes” and not “Main Axes”. Because, in the list of layers sorted alphabetically, “Main Axes” will be next to any layer starting with the letter “G*”, but not next to the layers "Axes intermediate" and "Axes additional").

Version:

the format version of the source drawing cannot be later than the version of the drawing into which the data is being imported.

2. Practical example (video)

Below is a video describing the entire process of organizing end-to-end design. Naturally, it is understood that a separate specialist works on each drawing (set). That is, the whole process, with the right approach, can be safely called automated group design.

3. Practical example (in screenshots)

On a conditional - practical example, I want to show how the concept described above is organized. For convenience, LOTSMAN PGS will act as a storage medium for design data, but it can also be a regular folder on a network drive.

Design members:

Construction Architect,

general planner,

HVAC engineer,

TGV Engineer,

Electrical Engineer.

3.1. Initial data

The GUI publishes the source data in a folder of the same name. As the initial data, in the example, there will be a topographic survey.

Screenshot. 1. Project tree (in the program LOTSMAN PGS)

3.2. AC section

The AU designer is the first to be included in the design process. Based on the assignment issued by the GUI, or previous design developments. In this example, it does not matter in what form the task is received by this design participant. The designer develops a set of speakers, which includes floor plans, facades, sections, nodes, etc. It works in the "1 AC" folder located in the root directory of the project.

The rest of the design participants developing in the direction of the master plan and external networks from the entire set of AS need only a plan of the first floor and a plan of the underground part (if there are differences in their configuration - which are not in our example). Those. the drawing will act as a data source for a number of child drawings.

Screenshot. 2. In the drawing settings, it is important to set the correct parameter of the drawing unit; on the construction drawings of this set, this is usually millimeters (Menu: “Format>

Screenshot. 3. AutoCAD space. On the right is an example plan of the first floor of the AS set. On the left, the layers used in the drawing.

3.3. GP section

In parallel, the general planner may be included in the design process. It runs in the "2 GPU" folder located in the root directory of the project. His drawing will be the data importer: topography (source data) and ground floor plan (AC set).

Screenshot. 4. In the drawing settings, it is important to set the correct drawing unit parameter, in master plan drawings it is usually meters (Menu: "Format > units" or the _UNITS command)

Both drawings (topography and ground floor plan) are connected through the external reference insertion tool (Menu: "Insert > Link to DWG" or the _attach command), but first we need to find out the paths to the files, in the LOTSMAN PGS program this is done as follows:

Screenshot. 5. The window of the file panel of the LOTSMAN PGS project is an analogue of Windows Explorer.

A feature of the design organization using LOTSMAN PGS is that the central file storage is a database on a remote server, synchronized with a local folder, in which a copy of the project directories is created. The only difference from the system in which all design participants work on a shared network drive is that the PGS LOTSMAN acts as a means of synchronization between users and the server.

Screenshot. 6.1. Topography xref insertion window. The insertion point remains 0,0,0. Because According to the rules (de facto), the coordinates on the crosses of the topography must match the coordinates in AutoCAD.

Please note that since the correct drawing units (_UNITS) were set in both drawings, the block insertion units are determined automatically, that is, the ground floor plan will be automatically reduced by 1000 times when inserted.

Screenshot. 7. The topography and ground floor plan are combined on the master plan sheet.

Screenshot. 8. Change the color and thickness of the topography layer display. Thus, we override the properties of objects that have the "ByLayer" attribute set for the color and thickness of the lines. (in our example, in the topography file, this is exactly the case)

Screenshot. 9. Freeze unnecessary layers (two different ways are shown, through the ribbon menu - on the left and through the main menu - on the right)

Freeze the layers (simply by clicking on the object in the drawing):

Intermediate axles

Additional sizes

Intermediate sizes

load-bearing walls

Self-supporting walls

Leaving layers:

Main axles

Main dimensions

External walls

Screenshot. 10. Creating a layer state (two different ways, through the ribbon menu - on the left and through the main menu - on the right)

3.4. NVK section (similar to other external networks)

Behind the general planner, a specialist in external water supply and sewerage networks may be included in the design process. It works in the "3 NVK" folder located in the root directory of the project. His drawing will be the data importer: from the master plan.

Repeat procedure Screenshot. 4, copy the path to the master plan file, similarly to Screenshot. 5. Insert the master plan file in the same way as Screenshot. 6. The insertion point remains 0,0,0. Because according to the rules, the coordinates on the master plan crosses must match the coordinates in AutoCAD.

Screenshot. 11. A similar picture is observed.

Screenshot. 12. Apply layer states (the screenshot shows how this is done, through the ribbon menu. Through the main menu: “Format> Layer States Manager” is obtained similarly.)

Screenshot. 13. After applying the layer configurations, the following picture is observed.

Further, in a separate layer, this communication network is drawn (in the example, this is Water supply to external networks). In the example, I didn't use any special linetypes, but you can use special linetypes: - to - , -- kn -- and others. You can create them yourself, or use ready-made ones.

Screenshot. 14. This is what the result looks like. But according to the rules for the implementation of drawings of external communications, we must display other designed communications with a thin line.

Therefore, we connect the file "Master network plan.dwg" to the drawing, which in our example will be in the "2 GP" folder of the project

Screenshot. 15. Insert the "Master Network Plan.dwg" in the same way as it was done on the Screenshot. 6. The insertion point remains 0,0,0. Because if all project participants observe a rigid coordinate reference, when inserting relative to the zero point, the inserted objects will take the correct position.

While the file "Master plan of networks.dwg" is empty, but soon it will be filled with links to other project files and will keep us informed of changes in adjacent networks, performing a coordinating role.

3.5. Master plan of networks

After creating files with networks. The engineer tasked with assembling the master network plan includes each of the network plan drawings in the Master Network Plan file. Those. in this case repeats the procedure described in the Screenshot. 6, for files:

Water supply outdoor networks.dwg

Sewerage external networks.dwg

Gas pipeline external networks.dwg

outdoor lighting.dwg

After inserting external links to the above files into the master plan file, adjacent networks appear in each file with networks. In this case, a message may appear:

But this is not an error, but only evidence that the file with our particular network is already present (as an external link) in the network master plan file and this is good.

Screenshot. 16. This is how the plans for the networks of sets will look like: NVK, GOS, EN.

Now it remains to change the line thickness of adjacent networks in the layer properties (we make them thin), and make the thickness of the designed network higher (thicker). On screenshots 17, 18, 19, 20. Examples are presented - how the plans of the sets of NVK, GOS, EN will look after setting up the layers.

Screenshots 17, 18, 19, 20

3.6. Layer matching

Layer alignment is an AutoCAD tool that will keep up to date with all changes in drawing layers inserted as xrefs. Example: If the master planner creates new layers in the master plan drawing, for example: blind area, paths, etc. Engineers designing external networks will be instantly informed about the changes after the general planner saves his drawing (and saves the changes to the server, in the case of working with LOTSMAN PGS). They will see them in the Layer Properties Manager, in the "Inconsistent New Layers" filter. To match a layer (that is, to remove inconsistent new layers from the filter), just right-click the layer and select "layer match".

In order for AutoCAD to track changes in the layers of xref files, you need to configure the layer settings in a certain way. As in screenshot 21.

Screenshot. 21. Setting the parameters of the layers. We put checkmarks on the items: evaluate new layers added to the drawing. Notify about the presence of new layers (in this paragraph we set events in which the program will notify us about the appearance of inconsistent layers) [For example, the "Insert / Reload external links" event will notify about the appearance of new layers when updating an external link. An example is below in screenshot 22.]

Screenshot. 22. Notification of a new layer loaded from a drawing of a reference file

And many may wonder how the LOTSMAN PGS program is useful in organizing end-to-end design.

Each time the original xref drawing is saved, a message pops up (see Screenshot 22), and xrefs in the drawing accumulate up to 5 or more units. And the constant appearance of this message purely psychologically over time leads to the fact that it begins to distract from work and annoy.

When using LOTSMAN PGS, before updating the local copies of the source files, we will see an icon in the file panel. That the source file is updated (on the server) and the local copy needs to be updated (with which AutoCAD works), that is, we ourselves can initialize the update procedure to reduce small portions of updated information by downloading updates, let's say no more than once an hour. That will add dimension to the design process.

The database stores all versions of files. This simplifies rollback and increases the reliability of information storage. In addition, we can track the entire history of file operations. For example, find out who last opened, edited and saved a file.

3.7. Underwater rocks

A certain qualification of working with the AutoCAD graphics program is required.

It is convenient to transfer parts of the project to third-party organizations through the publishing tool (the FORMSET command)

3.8. Technical sides

With this method of organizing work:

The size of the drawing files is reduced by replacing the physical duplication of graphic information with a logical one.

It is convenient to transfer parts of the project to third-party organizations through the publishing tool (the FORMSET command).

1

One of the main objectives of the program of the Government of the Russian Federation "Development of education for 2013-2020" is the modernization of educational standards and methods of professional training of specialists. The development of pedagogical technologies should be aimed at the integration of disciplines and the effectiveness of each stage of the educational process. The solution of this problem is possible when using end-to-end design technology, because one of the conditions for its implementation is the integration of disciplines. The tasks set indicate that scientific and methodological developments in end-to-end design are relevant. This is especially true of the methodology and theory of interdisciplinary integration in the design of a continuous educational process in secondary and higher schools.

The end-to-end design method is based on the principle of fundamentality and professional orientation, by integrating natural and special disciplines - a system of actions that allows the teacher to form a teaching methodology.

It is safe to say that mastering the course of general physics by future engineers is the foundation that will allow them not only to successfully master general technical and special disciplines, but also to master one of the main activities for a specialist in this area of ​​training - project activities.

As the analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature shows, a number of authors distinguish such design stages as “graphic modeling of the design object”, “drawing up schematic and design diagrams”, “development of design solutions for the product and (or) its components”. Comparing the main stages of solving problems in physics, it can be argued that the actions for compiling a graphical and physical model of a situation, identifying changes that occur with the object of study, choosing and substantiating laws and theories to describe it, are similar to the stages of design activity.

The organization of the process of preparing an engineer according to the method of end-to-end design of objects of professional activity can significantly increase the interest of students in teaching physics, due to a clear understanding of the need and importance of physical knowledge in future professional activities.

Our earlier studies have proved the relevance of using the project method in the preparation of competitive specialists. An organizational and pedagogical model of professionally significant projects for undergraduate students in the bachelor's degree was formed, tested and introduced into the educational process. It is shown that for the successful use of this method is the orientation of the educational process to the formation of project skills and active cooperation with teachers of special courses of disciplines, that is, the establishment of interdisciplinary links between physics and general technical and special disciplines.

Professionally significant interactive projects of general education physics courses have been developed, tested and introduced into the training system to organize end-to-end design in order to familiarize with fundamental research, with the latest innovative developments and technologies, and establish interdisciplinary links between physics and general technical and special disciplines.

At the Faculty of Civil Engineering of IRNITU, many specialties are related to water technologies. From the first courses, we train undergraduate students in project activities. We associate the topics of first-year students' projects with water supply and sanitation technologies.

The introduction of this method into the educational process will allow students to successfully cope with course and diploma projects, stimulates the process of professional development, self-development and creative activity. Topics on the design activities of the first stage are consistent with the graduating departments, this allows you to establish interdisciplinary links between physics and general technical and special disciplines, thereby providing professionally oriented training in the method of end-to-end design.

As a rule, the final topics of the project are related to real-life objects, as a result of which the knowledge acquired during the study of the physics course will be used in further professional activities.

Thus, professionally significant projects of general education courses of the university were developed and included in the training system for the organization of end-to-end design school - university in order to familiarize with fundamental research, the latest innovative developments and technologies, and establish interdisciplinary links between physics and general technical and special disciplines.

It is advisable to start end-to-end design among school students in order to attract talented graduates to enter a university, where they can continue their project activities while studying special disciplines.

The authors of design developments suggest starting it from the first course of study. Actually, this will be the second semester of the first year of study, when students are already familiar with the disciplines, subjects, teachers and the very methodology of conducting classes in higher education and can realize the role of end-to-end design in their learning process.

At IRNITU, physics starts from the first semester. Naturally, it is difficult to organize end-to-end design from the first month of training, few people decide on their future specialization, because. according to their specialty they are distributed in the 2nd year of study. Then it is already possible to talk about course and diploma design and introduce end-to-end design. We believe that end-to-end design should begin with design activities in applied research of physical laws or on other topics closer to technical specialties, which we have been doing for ten years now.

If in the first months of training university students are organized for the development of design activities in applied physics, then the tasks of end-to-end design will be more successfully solved.

Work has begun on end-to-end design with students of the Institute of Architecture and Construction in applied physics.

We have developed, tested and organized the first stage (motivational) of professionally directed training in physics according to the method of end-to-end design of objects of professional activity, as a result of which:

• conditions are created for self-development of students' creative activity;
• professional competencies are formed;
• relationships are built between teachers of related disciplines;
• increasing need for professional development;
• the need to study physics for solving future professional problems is comprehended;
• the student masters the stages of project activity.

Bibliographic link

Shishelova T.I., Konovalov N.P., Bazhenova T.K., Konovalov P.N., Pavlova T.O. ORGANIZATION OF THE END-TO-END DESIGN OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OBJECTS AT THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS IRNITU // International Journal of Experimental Education. - 2016. - No. 12-1. - P. 87-88;
URL: http://expeducation.ru/ru/article/view?id=10802 (date of access: 01/04/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

Creating an information system of any level of complexity goes through several main stages: setting a task, preparing a technical task, developing an information structure and a database, creating an application prototype, adjusting a technical task, creating a finished application, preparing and developing new versions. To solve the problems that arise at each of these stages, specialized tools have been created to help developers minimize time costs and reduce the number of errors. However, when moving from one stage to another, the problem of continuity and integration of specialized tools used in the development of the application arises: the requirements of analysts must be transferred to the database developers, the finished database should be transferred for the development of the user interface, upon receipt of the customer's comments on the application prototype, the technical specifications must be adjusted. In this case, it is necessary to avoid a total reworking of the entire system. In the automation systems developed earlier, these problems were solved only partially.

Approaches to application design in the proposed systems of automation of design and development of applications can be informally divided into two types, conventionally called: "to and from" and "to and from".

The first approach is promoted by developers of builders and "light" CASE tools and assumes that CASE tools are used only for design - ("before") creating a database, and application development is carried out ("from" a ready-made database) using builders that have their own tools. data model reverse engineering, class libraries and many other tools. The main disadvantage of this approach is the discontinuity of the technological process, as a result of which the data model used by the builder is much poorer than the model developed by the analyst using CASE tools or manually. The analyst is forced to convey additional information in informal ways ("voice"). In addition, in the process of developing an application, it often turned out that the standard class libraries used by the builder were not sufficient for developing a full-featured application, and each programmer had to increase the functionality in his own way, which led to a "patchwork" interface. As a result, despite the availability of convenient tools for analysts and programmers, their use does not improve the quality of the system or speed up development.

The second approach, implemented in the so-called "heavy" CASE tools, for example, in the Tau UML Suite, assumes that CASE supports the development "from" analysis "to" the construction of a logical data model and a logical application model, on the basis of which the database is created and implemented. automatic generation of program code. Tau UML Suite provides the user with an excellent toolkit for designing an application:

 form content diagrams (FCD - Form Contence Diagram), which allow you to describe the structure and (to a large extent) the functionality of complex screen forms (designed to work with several tables);

 Structure Charts Diagrams (SCD), which allow describing the algorithms of program modules and methods of working with screen forms (within the framework of the structural approach, working with screen forms is elegantly carried out using the so-called "predefined modules");

 Form Sequence Diagrams (FSD) that define the overall structure of the application. and also link forms and algorithms (methods).

The main disadvantage of this approach is that the design ideology does not take into account the real needs of the designer, who must develop an information system with a standard interface, since the customer needs a system with easy-to-learn jobs. The designer needs a means of building a logical model of a standard interface, not a complete model of all interface elements. Detailed design of each screen form (by means of FCD or in the builder) when creating a standard interface is not only tedious, but often harmful work, and "unique" jobs, as a rule, are not numerous, they are much faster and easier to create based on a typical workplace and not from scratch. In addition, the cost of acquiring and mastering a "heavy" CASE pays off only when creating sufficiently large systems or in "line" production, many of the features provided by products of this class are not so necessary for creating a small system by developers who know the subject area well or for reproducing an existing system on another platform.

DataX/FLORIN set itself the task of developing a design technology that would provide automatic data transfer during the transition from one stage of information system development to another, would allow the creation of modern information systems with a standardized user interface in a short time and would support the full application life cycle. Such a technology was developed and called "end-to-end design technology". It allows you to link together all the stages of building an information system, from setting a task to creating paper documentation. The use of this technology makes it possible to refuse manual work on coding the base and program interfaces, makes it possible to make changes at any level of implementation, and as a result, gives the customer not only a ready-made system, but also the means for its further development and maintenance. To implement end-to-end design technology, the GRINDERY family of software products was created, with the help of which the technological gap between CASE-tools and interface programming tools was overcome. The use of software products of the GRINDERY family allows for the logical design of the application simultaneously with the development of the logical structure of the database in the Telelogic Tau UML Suite environment, then to automatically generate program code in any programming language supported by the GRINDERYTM family. Setting and changing the control parameters of code generation (attributes), as well as managing access rights and project versions, is carried out using the mechanisms of the corresponding CASE tool. Templates have been developed for the GRINDERYTM code generator to create a typical application interface. In an application with a generic interface, a workplace is created for each subject table of the database, allowing you to perform basic operations with the data (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, QBE) contained in this table. A workspace created for a subject table allows you to work not only with the main table, but also with other ("auxiliary" for this workspace) database tables. The specific appearance of the screen forms and the functionality of the application depend on the set attribute values. With their help, you can set, for example, the method of presenting a particular field, the headings of forms and fields, the need to present records from descendant tables and partner tables, and the mode of access to dictionary tables. The set of attributes for each table and its fields is set once and is used for all forms in which this table or its fields are available. Attributes are entered and edited either from the GRINDERY GrabberTM GUI or through the Telelogic Tau UML SuiteTM GUI. The developer can manually make changes to the application code generated by the code generator at any time.
Thus, the end-to-end programming technology developed by DataX/FLORIN and the software products created for its implementation make it possible to solve the problem of automating application design from the analysis stage to complete generation of application code with a standardized user interface.

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As an alternative to traditional methods of clothing design, the so-called exact (engineering) methods have long been proposed, in particular, the method of volumetric design of a product on a mannequin, followed by obtaining scans of parts in the Chebyshev network. Currently, it can be successfully implemented technically using interactive three-dimensional (3D) computer graphics. However, this approach to design will have limited application for a long time due to the difficulty of mathematical modeling of material properties. These difficulties are especially great when designing thermal clothing made of composite materials. Therefore, the application of three-dimensional clothing design is currently used only for clothes of smooth shapes. The resulting developments in any case require refinement by means of traditional planar design. If the algorithms for solving the direct problem - obtaining a surface unfolding from its three-dimensional model - are known in principle, then the inverse problem - obtaining a three-dimensional model from an existing unfolding from a fabric - is not currently being solved. This circumstance also does not allow us to fully realize the advantages of volumetric design, known to us in other areas of CAD application. Another way to partially formalize the transition from a sketch to a design of patterns can be a combinatorial synthesis of a technical sketch of a clothing model from typical elements of graphic information, which serve as a key for searching in the database for the corresponding design drawing elements. The concept of "combinatorics" was originally associated with a branch of mathematics that studies the placement and relative position of a finite set of objects of an arbitrary nature as part of a whole. A good example of the application of the laws of combinatorics to the design of various technical objects is aggregation (modular design), which consists in creating various products by arranging (assembling) them from a limited number of standard or unified parts and assemblies that have geometric and functional interchangeability.

The technical sketch used in the design process along with the creative one is a linear or, less often, a linear-coloristic image of the product on the figure of a potential consumer - on a certain scale, in two to four orthogonal projections: front, back, right and left (for complex asymmetric models). This type of sketch is characterized by a clear and unambiguous transmission of the proportions of the human figure, the size and relative position of all elements of the constructive and decorative design of the model. The technical sketch in a capacious and visual form contains information about the design, materials and the planned manufacturing technology of the model: to some extent, it acts as an analogue of the assembly drawing of the product in mechanical engineering.

In accordance with the principles of combinatorial shaping, a technical sketch can be considered as a complex hierarchical system of special graphic signs (symbols) that form a description of the appearance of the model. Thus, it can be used as the basis for a universal graphic language, with the help of which the design object is described in an integrated clothing CAD system. To link an interactively generated technical sketch with a product design drawing, it is proposed to create a single (integrated) database containing structural elements of the sketch and product design that are consistent with each other. The integrated database should include directories of typical solutions for elements of graphic images "Sketch" and "Design drawing", as well as information about their correspondence to each other.

Standard solutions from reference books can serve both as initial "bricks" for combinatorial synthesis of new models in an interactive mode, and analogues (prototypes) in the development of original element solutions. Apparently, when forming a sketch from typical elements that are completely interchangeable, it is possible to automatically obtain design drawings for new models. In other cases, when forming a product design drawing according to a sketch, additional requests to the designer and (or) subsequent “finishing” of the resulting structures using conventional means of the design subsystem are required. The proposed approach requires significant improvement in terms of clarifying the methods for presenting information about typical sketch and design elements and the relationships between them in the database. So far, the question of who, where and how will develop reference books for various assortments, taking into account the rapidly changing fashion, remains unresolved. At the same time, such a form of presenting information about typical (or analog) design solutions can have significant advantages over the traditionally used in sewing CAD record structure “Model (group of patterns) - Pattern”. Firstly, it has greater flexibility due to deeper structuring (to the level of slices and sections of slices), therefore, based on the same number of typical design solutions, much more derivatives can be obtained. Secondly, such a record is more intelligent, since it contains information not only about the presence of certain elements in the whole, but also about their relationships and location relative to each other. A study of the latest approaches to clothing design shows their greater efficiency compared to the traditional planar design process for a number of special design cases, but less versatility. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages, which limit the scope of this approach (method).

The best way to solve this problem can be the creation of an integrated multifunctional design subsystem that implements the most promising areas of automation of the traditional approach to pattern design, as well as new promising methods of end-to-end design. In this case, the issue of choosing one of the alternative ways to solve design problems can be solved either at the level of determining the configuration of the subsystem during its installation, or in the design process. In the latter case, the interactive selection of the optimal design route is a component of the information technology of end-to-end clothing design. An important aspect of creating an integrated design subsystem is also the presence in it of a developed information base that ensures the implementation of basic design procedures without the designer recourse to additional sources of information: design, regulatory reference and other documentation presented on paper.