Income - the entire set of cash and in-kind payments, the cat receives the population of the country for the year.

Income in kind - some payments from social funds, products produced in the personal subsidiary household, and services provided by family members to the household household.

Cash income - all receipts of money in the form of wages, income from business. activities, pensions, scholarships, allowances, rents, etc.

Forms of income and their sources:

salary - labor

% - capital

Rent - land and other natural resources

· undertaking income - profit

state transfer payments - the state budget

Types of income:

· nominal income- cash income that does not depend on taxes or changes in the price level received by the population during a certain period

· disposable income– income that can be used for personal consumption or savings

· real income- the number of T and Y, a cat can be bought with disposable income during a certain period, adjusted for changes in the level of prices and tariffs, taxes, mandatory payments.

The distribution of income in society can be:

egalitarian

market

Accumulated income, property

privileged

Main causes of income inequality:

Differences in the level of education received and prof. training

Differences in intellectual, physical, and aesthetic. abilities

Differences in willingness to take risks

inequalities in property ownership

· monopoly

shadow background

luck, connections, misfortunes

pay discrimination

proximity to power

Indicators of income inequality:

% of income OA curve - the curve of the absolute

Curve L - Lorenz curve

10% % of the population

· Lorenz curve shows the real distribution of money income in the existing society

· Decile coefficient: the difference between the 10% poorest and the 10% richest in the Russian Federation, according to official data, reaches 16.5 times, according to unofficial data. data 45 times.

· Gini coefficient– income concentration index = the ratio of the OA L figure to the area of ​​the triangle: the greater the deviation of the L curve from OA, the greater the inequality. The greater the Gini coefficient, the stronger the inequality. 0<Кдж<1. В РФ Кдж = 0,423

Social Policy (SP) - social-ec processes carried out by the state in the form of coordinated activities to ensure favorable conditions for the life of the population.

SP levels:

national

regional

municipal

corporate

Forms of implementation of the joint venture:

· Social protection- a system of measures taken by society as a whole and its links to ensure a decent material and social situation of citizens (training and retraining of personnel for qualified labor activity, accessibility in the realization of abilities in the process of labor and entrepreneurial activity, providing conditions for the growth of welfare, ensuring an optimal structure society (the presence of a middle class))

· Social guarantees- a system of society's obligations to its members to meet the necessary needs (creation of conditions for the all-round development of a person and opportunities for its implementation in free labor)

SP Goals:

· health

The presence of children

The presence of education

Personal development through learning

Employment and quality of labor resources

the economic situation of the individual

favorable environment

favorable social environment

social security and justice

Participation in public life

1. The essence of social policy. called social policy

a set of measures carried out by the state, local authorities or enterprises aimed at regulating public relations in the social sphere. Social policy is one of the most important areas of state regulation of the economy, because the ultimate goal of the state is to achieve a high level of welfare of society and create conditions for its further development. Social policy reflects the level of state concern for the individual, the degree of satisfaction of ever-growing needs and the socio-political stability of society.

Social policy decides the following tasks:

Distribution of the produced social product and income of the population to meet personal and social needs;

Protection of the least wealthy segments of the population;

Creation of incentives for entrepreneurship and highly productive labor, ensuring the achievement of the highest efficiency of the economy;

Providing the population with decent housing, creating the most favorable conditions for work, life, recreation, education and healthcare;

Ensuring the socio-political stability of society as a condition for the efficiency of the economy;

At present, the main goals social policies are:

1) achieving an improvement in the financial situation and living conditions;

2) ensuring employment of the population, improving the quality and competitiveness of the labor force;

3) improvement of the demographic situation in the country, reduction of mortality, especially of children and citizens of working age;

4) development of social infrastructure

Social policy, in its essence, should be long-term, focused on a long-term perspective. Therefore, the starting point for its development is the choice of a promising model of the socio-economic structure of society. Social policy should contain strategic guidelines aimed at achieving large-scale goals.

Improving the quality of life of Russian citizens is a key issue of state policy. It would seem an indisputable declaration. That is how it is perceived now. Including - when it sounds in the mouth of the authorities. But still comparatively recent historical experience shows that only a few years ago its indisputability was by no means so obvious. Dangerous disintegration of state institutions, a systemic economic crisis, the costs of privatization combined with political speculation on the natural desire of people for democracy, serious miscalculations in the implementation of economic and social reforms - the last decade of the 20th century was a period of catastrophic demodernization of the country and social decline. Almost a third of the population was below the poverty line. Many months of delays in the payment of pensions, allowances, and wages have become a mass phenomenon. People were frightened by the default, the loss of their savings overnight. They no longer believed that the state would be able to fulfill even minimal social obligations. This is what the government, which began working in 2000, faced. These were the conditions under which it was necessary to simultaneously solve the most acute everyday problems and work towards establishing new, long-term growth trends. To this end, they have developed and implemented Priority National Projects"Health", "Education", "Affordable and comfortable housing for the citizens of Russia" and "Development of the agro-industrial complex". It is these areas that affect every person, determine the quality of life and form "human capital" - an educated and healthy nation. The social well-being of society and the demographic well-being of the country depend on the state of these spheres. It is in these areas that citizens most reasonably expect a more active role of the state, real changes for the better.

2. The concept and types of income. The main link in social policy

the state is occupied by the policy of forming incomes of the population. The concept of "income" is an indicator of the results of economic activity.

Income characterizes the amount of cash receipts from all sources for

a certain period of time. Sources of income can be both economic activities within the framework of legal norms and illegal ones. The level of income of members of society is the most important indicator of their well-being, because. determines the possibilities of the material and spiritual life of the individual: recreation, education, health maintenance, satisfaction of various needs.

The incomes of the population may or may not depend on the market activities of their subjects. The first case is called functional or horizontal distribution income. This type of income includes: the profit of entrepreneurs, wages of workers and employees, the rent of property owners and interest on the Central Bank and loans.

In the second case, income does not depend on market activity. (vertical distribution). This type of income is received by that part of the population that, for reasons beyond its control, cannot participate in market activities. Such categories of the population include pensioners, the disabled, dependents, the unemployed, etc. The state always participates in such distribution.

To assess the level and dynamics of the income of the population, indicators of nominal, disposable and real income are used. Nominal income- the amount of money received by individuals during a certain period. disposable income- income that can be used for personal consumption or savings. It is less than the nominal income by the amount of taxes and obligatory payments. Real income- represents the amount of goods and services that can be bought with disposable income during a certain period, i.e. adjusted for changes in the price level.

There are several types of income: income from employment, from property, from entrepreneurial activity, from securities, borrowed, transferred, donor income, transfer payments, unrecorded and non-monetary income.

Any society is a complex formation, consisting of people united by certain characteristics. One of the fundamental features of a person in modern society is the size and methods of obtaining his total income. In its most general form, income is the amount of money that we earn or receive over a certain period of time (usually 1 year). The amount of income valued in money represents nominal income. Real income is the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with cash income. The difference between real and nominal incomes is formed by inflation, taxes and transfers in kind.

Incomes and the purchasing power of the population are not only of social importance - as components of the standard of living, but also as factors determining the duration of life itself. They are very significant as an element of economic recovery, which determines the capacity of the domestic market. A capacious domestic market, secured by solvent demand, is a powerful incentive to support domestic producers.

The low level of income and, as a result, the low purchasing power of the bulk of the population, whose monetary potential is partially diverted to the purchase of imported goods, is one of the main reasons for the stagnation of the Russian economy.

Obviously, in order to revive the economy, it is necessary to form effective demand through an increase in the part of the population's income in the total amount of society's income - GDP. Basically, in order to revive the domestic market and support domestic producers, it is strategically important to increase the incomes of the poorest and middle part of the population. Increasing and, of course, timely payment of salaries, pensions, scholarships and other social benefits is essential for economic recovery.

The relevance of the chosen research topic determines the importance of the issues of income generation and structuring, the implementation of social policy in the transitional conditions of a market economy in Russia, the direction of ongoing reforms aimed at building a social state with a market economy.

The paper will consider the following aspects characterizing the problem of incomes of the population:

characteristics of the income of the population, and in particular the formation of income and the structure of income;


problems of income inequality, in particular the causes of inequality and public income policy;


social policy of the state.


The objectives of this work are:


1. Reveal the essence of the concept of "income" as an economic category and find out what is their structure.
   

   Explore the process of formation and distribution of income.
   

   Discuss the causes of income inequality.
   

   Consider issues related to the concept of "welfare of society" and analyze the criteria for its definition.
   

   Find out the essence of the social policy of the state and the features of its implementation in the conditions of modern Russia.
   

With this in mind, the structure of the course work is determined. It consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, and a bibliography.


When writing the work, the empirical method of analyzing theoretical studies in the study area was used.


1. INCOME AND THEIR SOURCES. DISTRIBUTION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF INCOME


1.1. The concept and types of income. Sources of formation


Under the income of the population is understood the amount of money and material goods received or produced by households for a certain period of time. The role of income is determined by the fact that the level of consumption of the population directly depends on the level of income. The income of an individual household is usually divided into three groups 1:


income received by the owner of the factor of production - labor;


income received through the use of other factors of production (capital, land, entrepreneurial abilities);


transfer payments (allowances, scholarships, pensions)


We must distinguish between income and wealth. It represents the value of all assets owned by a household at a particular point in time. Wealth consists of material objects: houses, land, cars, furniture, books, etc.; as well as financial resources: cash, savings accounts in banks, bonds, stocks. On the security of wealth, you can get loans from the bank. Wealth is a source of income


Households, providing economic resources at the disposal of firms, receive remuneration in the form of wages, profits, interest and rent. These four components add up to household income.


The problem of the interaction of labor and capital, explicitly or implicitly, is central in any of the areas of economic theory. Alternative directions in economic theory differ in the interpretation of the final basis of income. Alternative theories of value serve as the basis for differences in the explanation of the source of income.


In accordance with the labor theory of value (A. Smith, D. Ricardo, K. Marx), the only source of value is living labor in material production, which creates new value. The Marxist theory of income is based on the theory of surplus value. The latter is understood as part of the new value created by the labor of hired workers and appropriated by the capitalists free of charge. The labor theory of value, whose ideas were formulated by the classics of political economy, was developed by Marx and used as the basis for the theory of exploitation and all related conclusions. The Marxist theory of surplus value uses the ratio between the shares of capital and labor in the new value as a tool of analysis, calling it the rate of surplus value. Characteristically, this indicator is used to measure the degree of exploitation of labor by capital and depends on the length of the working day and labor productivity.


The general tendency of the rate of surplus value is determined by the correlation of class forces 1 . Along with the rate of surplus value, Marxism also uses other indicators to measure the share of labor income. The theory of accumulation substantiates the conclusion about the relative deterioration of the position of the proletariat, which is manifested in the fall of its share in the national income, the total social product and national wealth. Modern economic theory also analyzes trends in income shares of capital and labor.


The explanation of sources and principles of income formation dominating in modern economic theory is based on the theory of factors and their marginal productivity. The theory of marginal productivity is focused on the analysis of functional relationships between different parts of income.


Different directions of economic theory explain the sources of income in different ways, but they are unanimous in that each factor of production is associated with a certain income, which makes it possible to integrate different ideas. The interpretation of the main problems of the theory of income in modern conditions is significantly different from the ideas of the past. The growth of national welfare and the creation of systems of social regulation, if they do not remove, then significantly smooth out the problems of class confrontation. Nevertheless, the analysis of the ratio of the shares of labor and capital in total income is recognized as generally significant and is widely used in modern economic analysis.


In the economic literature, there are various concepts about the calculation of income. So, Edgar K. Browning believes that income should also include the provision of goods and services under a number of government programs, subsidies for housing and food products, education assistance, income from increasing the value of shares, bonds, real estate.


Rent is the income received by the owner of the land when renting it out. The total supply of land, unlike other factors of production, is relatively fixed by nature and cannot be increased in response to a higher price or decreased in the case of a low price.


Figure 1 shows that the supply curve for land is fixed. The supply and demand curves intersect at equilibrium point E. Rent tends to fluctuate around this point. If the rent rose above the equilibrium point to the point M, then the demand for land would decrease to Q 1 and part of the land would remain unoccupied: Q-Q 1 . Some landowners would not be able to rent it out and would be forced to offer land for a lower price. For the same reasons, rent cannot remain long below an equilibrium point, such as R2. The increased demand for land plots would lead to an increase in rent. Only at the equilibrium point is the total amount of land demanded equal to its supply. In this sense, supply and demand determine the price of land.





Land rent exists in 2 main forms: differential and absolute. In turn, differential rent is the spirit of species.


Differential rent I is associated with different fertility of land plots and their efficiency. With the same cost of resources, the results of production on them will be different. Differential rent also arises from the unequal location of land plots. Transportation costs for farmers will be more or less. Proximity to sales markets significantly affects the structure of production. In the case of differential rent I, the cost of production will be determined by the marginal values ​​of the worst plots in terms of fertility or location. Surplus income earned on more fertile and better located lands is appropriated by the landowner


Differential rent II presupposes different productivity of successive investments of capital on the same piece of land. It is created in the process of intensification of agricultural production. In this case, the costs are determined by the marginal cost of capital (the least productive). The cost benefit derived from the more productive investment of capital initially accrues to the farmer. He assigns it for the duration of the lease.


Absolute rent is the payment for all plots of land, regardless of fertility and location 1 .


The next type of income is interest or loan interest. The lending rate is the price paid for the use of money. More precisely, the loan interest rate is the amount of money that is required to be paid for the use of one ruble per unit of time (month, year). Two aspects of this type of income deserve attention.


1) Loan interest is usually considered as a percentage of the amount of borrowed money, and not as an absolute value. It is more convenient to say that someone pays 12% of the loan interest than to say that the loan interest is 120 rubles a year for 1000 rubles.


2) Money is not an economic resource. As such, money is not productive; they are unable to produce goods or services. However, entrepreneurs "buy" the use of money, because money can be used to purchase means of production - factory buildings, equipment, warehouses, etc. And these funds undoubtedly contribute to production. Thus, using money capital, business leaders ultimately buy the opportunity to use the real means of production 2 .


Economic profit is the difference between the firm's total revenue and all costs. Under perfect competition, when the industry is in equilibrium, the costs of each firm are the same as their revenues, and the economic profit of all firms is zero. In an equilibrium state, all the main indicators that form supply and demand in the commodity market - the supply of resources, the level of technology, the tastes of consumers, their incomes, etc. remain unchanged. Any deviations from the equilibrium caused by the actions of one firm, which has applied, for example, some innovations and therefore receives economic profit, are eliminated in the long run due to the entry of new firms into the industry. An industry in equilibrium is absolutely static, all actions of firms are predictable, there is no risk.


In this regard, economists explain the existence of net profit by the return of a specific resource - entrepreneurial abilities. The latter, as you know, refers to the ability of an entrepreneur:


A) decide on the use of other resources in the production of goods and services;


B) apply more progressive methods of company management;


C) use innovations, both in production processes and in the choice of forms of goods sold;


D) take the risk of making all such decisions.


Finally, a firm will earn an economic profit if it manages to monopolize the market for a particular good. Monopoly profit occurs because the monopolist cuts output and raises the price of the good.


The wage, or wage rate, is the price paid for the use of labor. Economists often use the term "labor" in a broad sense, including wages 1:


workers in the usual sense of the word, that is, "blue and white collars" of various professions;


specialists - lawyers, doctors, teachers, etc.;


owners of small businesses - hairdressers, repairmen of household appliances and a variety of different merchants - for labor services provided in the implementation of their business activities.


The level of income of members of society is the most important indicator of their well-being, as it determines the possibilities of the material and spiritual life of an individual: recreation, education, health maintenance, and satisfaction of basic needs. Among the factors that have a direct impact on the amount of income of the population, in addition to the size of the wage itself, are the dynamics of retail prices, the degree of saturation of the consumer market with goods, etc.


To assess the level and dynamics of the income of the population, indicators of nominal, disposable and real income are used.


Nominal income - the amount of money received by individuals during a certain period, it also characterizes the level of cash income, regardless of taxation.


Disposable income is income that can be used for personal consumption and personal savings. Disposable income is less than nominal income by the amount of taxes and obligatory payments, i.e. These are funds used for consumption and savings. To measure the dynamics of disposable income, the indicator “real disposable income” is used, calculated taking into account the price index.


Real income - represents the amount of goods and services that can be bought with disposable income during a certain period, i.e. adjusted for changes in the price level.


Thus, an increase in nominal income by 8% with an increase in the price level by 5% gives an increase in real income by 3%. Nominal and real income do not necessarily move in the same direction. For example, nominal income may rise and real income fall at the same time if commodity prices rise faster than nominal income 1 .


The desire to maximize your income dictates economic logic of behavior to any market subject. Income is the ultimate goal of actions every active participant in the market economy, an objective and powerful incentive for his daily activities.


But high personal incomes are beneficial not only to the individual, it is also a socially significant benefit, since they are, ultimately, the only source of meeting general needs, expanding production, and also supporting low-income and disabled citizens.


Recipients of market income are always concerned about three issues: the reliability of its sources, the efficiency of the use of income, and the justification of the tax burden. Economic theory answers these questions by examining the formation and movement of aggregate income.


Income is a monetary value of the results of the activity of an individual (or legal) person as a subject of a market economy. In economic theory, “income” refers to the amount of money that regularly and legally flows into the economy. direct disposal of the market entity.


Income is always represented by money. This means that the condition for obtaining it is effective participation in the economic life of society: we live on a salary or at the expense of our own entrepreneurial activity - in any case, we must do

Consequently, the very fact of receiving money income is an objective the idea of ​​the participation of a given person in the economic life of society, and the amount of income is an indicator of the scale of such participation. After all, money is perhaps the only thing in the world that cannot be given to oneself: money can only be received from other people.


The direct dependence of income on the results of market activity is violated only in one case - when it is objectively impossible to participate in it (pensioners, young people of pre-working age, the disabled, dependents, the unemployed). These categories of the population are supported by the whole society, on behalf of which the government regularly pays them cash benefits. Of course, these payments form a special element of total income, but, strictly speaking, they are not "market" ones.


The market income is always the result of our useful - for other people - efforts. This means that it is largely determined by the coincidence of the goods and services we offer with the demand presented by “other people”. The interaction of supply and demand is an objective mechanism for the formation of income in a market economy, including the income of the population. Of course, in such a mechanism there are elements of the case There is no other and therefore unfair, but no other way to generate income in a market economy.


Nominal monetary incomes of the population are formed from various sources, the main of which are: factor incomes; cash receipts from state assistance programs in the form of payments and benefits from the financial system (from banks, through savings banks, from insurance institutions, etc.), etc.


The funds received by the population working for hire, in the order of remuneration of the owners of the factor of production (labor), constitute a decisive part of the income of this group of the population wages, income such as wages at enterprises, in cooperatives, etc., income from their own households, etc. An analysis of trends in the long-term development of wages for the labor factor indicates that this type of income will retain its leading role in the formation of the total volume of cash income in the long term.


A significant impact on the formation of incomes of the population is provided by payments under state assistance programs, these sources are used to provide pensions, the maintenance of temporarily disabled citizens, and various types of benefits are paid (for childcare, medical care, low-income families for children, unemployment benefits) 1 .


The ratio of the share of transfer payments and wages in the income of the population plays an important role in shaping the economic behavior of the individual and his labor motivation.


With the dominant role of wages in the formation of the total amount of income, such qualities as entrepreneurship and initiative are formed. In the event of an increase in the role of payments through state assistance programs, a passive attitude towards production activity, a psychology of dependency, often develops.


Monetary incomes of the population received through the financial and credit system are presented in the form of: state insurance payments; bank loans for individual housing construction, household equipment for young families, members of consumer associations (for example, for garden construction); interest on deposits in savings banks accrued at the end of the year; income from the increase in the value of shares, bonds, winnings and repayment of loans; lottery winnings; temporarily free funds resulting from the purchase of goods on credit; payment of various types of compensation (injury, damage, etc.).


Other cash receipts include the proceeds of the population from the sale of things through commission and buying shops, etc.


The nominal incomes of the population, as already noted, include, in addition to the net incomes of the population, mandatory payments. Mandatory payments are made by the population through the financial system in the form of various taxes and fees. Through the accumulation of tax payments and fees, the state exercises its right to form part of its resources for the subsequent implementation of social policy through the redistribution of funds, providing assistance to poor citizens. In order to protect the interests of low-income citizens and prevent a decrease in the level of well-being below the maximum allowable in these specific conditions, the state establishes a threshold minimum in tax-free income. At the same time, progressively higher tax rates are imposed on high incomes.


Despite the variety of sources of income, the main components of the population's cash income are wages, income from entrepreneurial activity and property, as well as social transfers.


1.2. Distribution and redistribution of income


The entire product produced in a society can be represented as the sum of the incomes from the factors involved in its production. The functional distribution of income is the distribution of income between factors: labor, capital, natural resources and entrepreneurial ability. As a result of the functional distribution of income, such primary incomes as wages, interest, rent and profit are formed. In the system of factors of production, the main relationship concerns capital, therefore, for simplicity, the functional distribution can be represented as the ratio between income from labor and from property. The functional distribution of income shows the shares of income attributable to labor and capital, and our task is to trace the change in the ratio of the shares of labor and capital in the total income of society, identify the causes of the change and evaluate them 1 .


Based on the functional distribution of income, the share of labor income in total income is calculated. This indicator can be represented by the ratio between the product of wages and the number of employees and the value of total income. It is characteristic that the historical trend of the share of labor (in modern accounting systems, a very wide range of employed persons is referred to as wage laborers, while in Marxist theory the share of labor is understood as the wages of the proletariat) in Marxism is assessed as declining, while opponents prove an increase in the share labor in total income.


Among the factors influencing the share of labor are such as the growth of labor supply, the growth of fixed capital and changes in technology (Fig. 2).


The intersection of the curves LD and L S determines the equilibrium level of the real wage W0. The value of labor income in our case is equal to the area of ​​the shaded figure 0W 0 EQ 0 or the product of the equilibrium wage level and the number of employees (W 0 X Q 0)


L S


E


W0


L D


0 Q0


TO The amount of labor


L D is the aggregate demand curve for labor, the position of which depends on the technology and material capital available to the economy;


L S - labor supply curve for simplicity assumes that the elasticity of labor supply is 0, i.e. does not depend on wages.


Rice. 2. The amount of labor income


Actual data on the share of labor income are estimated on the basis of the forms of national accounting adopted in the West. There is a general trend towards an increase in the share of labor income, which is about 80% of total income. Note that labor income includes the income of all employees, including the top management of corporations.


The functional distribution of income reflects its real distribution among citizens in conditions where it is possible to unambiguously identify the social status of both a person of hired labor and an owner of material capital. In modern conditions, there is an erosion of social status, expressed in the fact that employees are simultaneously owners of capital, owning various types of securities, real estate, organizing private business. If about 90% of the population is accounted for by national statistics as persons of hired labor, and at the same time the share of owners (including family members) reaches 50%, then there is a diversification of social status, which, if not eliminates, then significantly smoothes out the problem of class confrontation.


The diversification of social status is closely related to the increase in the degree of mobility of the socio-economic hierarchy and labor mobility.


Note that the functional distribution of income does not reflect the income of families and individuals who may own different production factors. The total income of the population is formed from different sources and redistributed among families depending on their size and composition. Personal distribution of income measures the distribution of income between families (we agree that a family can also consist of 1 person).


The personal distribution of income is characterized by significant unevenness, which can be measured on the basis of the Pareto-Lorenz-Gini methodology. As early as the beginning of the 20th century. V. Pareto, on the basis of actual data on the distribution of income, formulated a law named after him. According to the "Pareto law", there is an inverse relationship between the level of income and the number of their recipients, in other words, the personal distribution of income is steadily uneven, and the level of unevenness in the distribution of income - the "Pareto coefficient" - is approximately the same in different countries. In the Pareto concept, income differentiation is viewed as a constant and independent of social and political factors.


On the basis of data on the distribution of income, all families can be grouped into certain income groups. Comparing the share of each of the groups in total income, you can build a graph illustrating the differentiation of income.


If incomes are distributed evenly, then each group of families should receive income corresponding to its share, and the income distribution schedule will be represented by the bisector OA in Fig. 3. Opposite to absolute equality, hypothetical absolute inequality corresponds to a situation where 1% of families receive 100% of income, while others receive nothing. In this case, the income distribution graph is represented by a curve coinciding with the axes of the coordinate system with a vertex at point D.





Income Concentration Curves (Lorenz)


Rice. 3. Income concentration curves (Lorenz)


In fact, the distribution of income is reflected by curves of the form I, II, III. The closer the curves of the actual distribution to the bisector OA. the more even the distribution of income is in reality. The difference in the types of actual distribution curves is due to the fact that they take into account income, I - before taxes, II - after taxes, III - taking into account transfer payments. The inverse relationship between the relative values ​​of income (wealth) and the number of their recipients, expressed graphically, is called the concentration curve, or the Lorenz curve. The degree of inequality (or degree of concentration) is expressed mathematically by the area of ​​the figure above the actual distribution curve, correlated with the area of ​​the triangle OAB, is the Ginny index. Generalization of evidence based on the described methodology is used to assess the degree of inequality in the distribution of income in different periods of time, between different countries or population groups.


1.3. State regulation of the distribution and redistribution of income


The formation of aggregate incomes of the population covers their production, distribution, redistribution and use. The distribution of income is formed at the stage of formation of the income of the owners of production factors (functional distribution). Personal distribution of nominal income is the result of redistribution. Passing through the family budget, the volume of per capita income varies depending on the size and structure of families, the ratio of dependents and persons with independent incomes. The value of real incomes depends on the parameters of the inflationary process. The main channel for the redistribution of income is the state regulation of this process. Tax systems and state transfers (in cash and in kind), social security and insurance systems, etc. show that the modern state is involved in large-scale income redistribution activities 1 .


Any of the forms of state regulation (including social) consists of material, institutional and conceptual components. It should be noted that social regulation is not an exclusive privilege of the state; it covers not only the redistribution of income, but also other indicators of the standard of living. The objects of social regulation are environmental protection and protection of consumer rights. Social regulation is carried out by business units, trade unions, the church and other non-governmental organizations. The material basis of state regulation depends on the volume of national production and its share, which is redistributed centrally, through the state budget. The institutional framework is related to the organization of the redistribution process and the activities of relevant institutions (including non-governmental ones). The conceptual basis of state regulation is a theory or theories that acquire the status of government doctrine, that is, they form the basis of the state's social policy.


Alternative conceptual approaches to the state redistribution of income can be reduced to the problem of opposing equality and efficiency. The origins of this problem lie in the area of ​​resource allocation. The classical theory assumes that the market is able to allocate scarce resources rationally. In accordance with the so-called "Pareto efficiency", the state of the system is stable if no reallocation of resources (or products) can improve the position of one of the participants in the economic process without worsening the position of others. The distribution of income is characterized as persistently uneven. The classical theory believes that the distribution of income cannot be changed, and any state redistribution is doomed in advance. The neoclassical direction critically assesses the uneven distribution of income. Attempts are being made to find such an efficiency criterion that would compare processes that affect the incomes of many consumers at once. From this point of view, such a redistribution of income can be recognized as effective, in which the gain in wealth of the winners is greater than the loss in the wealth of the losers.


Proponents of government redistribution of income argue that equality in income distribution is a necessary condition for maximizing the total utility of the income of all consumers 1 . This conclusion is quite reliable in conditions when the volume of the entire redistributed income is fixed. Critics of government redistribution rightly believe that the stimulating effect is associated not only with the size, but also with the method of income distribution. Therefore, any redistribution of income, pursuing the goal of maximizing the total utility in the current period, inevitably leads to a decrease in income (and total utility) in the future.


The relationship between equality and efficiency in practice comes down to the search for such forms and methods of redistribution that would minimize the negative impact of redistribution processes on efficiency, while maximizing the positive result in the form of poverty reduction.


The choice of conceptual framework for social policy depends on the political process. However, if the market is not capable of allocating income "correctly", this does not give reason to believe that the political process is capable of finding the optimal solution.


State redistribution of income is carried out through budgetary and financial regulation. The state, in accordance with the priorities of social policy and the current special social programs, provides social benefits in the form of cash and in-kind transfers, as well as services. Social payments and services are diverse. They are differentiated according to the sources of formation and methods of financing, the conditions for providing them to the circle of recipients. Monetary social benefits are associated with compensation for the loss (reduction) of income as a result of: complete or partial disability, birth of children, loss of breadwinners or work (unemployment benefits, compensation for retraining costs and other payments to the unemployed). Monetary social transfers are supplemented in whole or in part by free services in the health care, education, housing and transport sectors. All social transfers can be lump-sum or paid periodically over a set period of time. The amount of social benefits may depend on the statutory minimum per capita income or wages. Social transfers can take the form of tax credits. All social payments are made into the system of social insurance and social security, supplemented by state charity.


In countries with market economies, funding for these areas is carried out on a tripartite basis (the state, employers and recipients of funds), and in countries with administrative-command economies - centrally. The real incomes of the population were formed mainly at the expense of wages and incomes from public consumption funds (PCE). The distribution of the OFP was carried out on a free or partially paid basis in accordance with the quantity and quality of the labor contribution to social production, as well as taking into account the need 1 .


Various options for combining public and private branches of social payments are known. The purpose of social policy is to encourage all forms of business activity, primarily labor and entrepreneurship. Labor activity is manifested in an increase in the degree of use of labor reserves, an increase in employment and labor productivity, and entrepreneurial activity is reflected in the volume and structure of investments. Being objectively interconnected, these forms of activity are carried out at any given moment by different subjects with different motivational models of behavior. As a result, the system of state regulation must simultaneously support incomes and create incentives for increasing the business activity of all market entities.


2. INEQUALITY OF INCOME AND THEIR MEASUREMENT





One of the sources of social tension in any country is the difference in the levels of well-being of citizens, their level of wealth. The level of wealth is determined by two factors 1:


1) the amount of property of all types owned by individual citizens;


2) the amount of current income of citizens.


People earn income either by creating their own business (becoming entrepreneurs) or by providing the factors of production they own (their labor, capital, or land) for the use of other people or firms. And those use this property to produce goods that people need. In such a mechanism of income formation, the possibility of their inequality was initially laid down. The reason for this:


1) the different value of factors of production owned by people (capital in the form of a computer, in principle, is able to bring more income than in the form of a shovel);


2) different success in the use of factors of production (for example, an employee in a firm that produces a scarce product may receive higher earnings than his colleague of the same qualification working in a firm whose goods are sold with difficulty);


3) a different amount of factors of production owned by people (the owner of two oil wells receives, ceteris paribus, more income than the owner of one well) 2 .


The amount of income is closely related to the wealth and well-being of families. The relationship between income and wealth is direct (the level of income determines the amount of wealth) and inverse (the higher the wealth, the higher the income from it). The actual data on the distribution of wealth are assessed by experts as less reliable than the information on current incomes. The differentiation of income compared to the differentiation of wealth (property differentiation) is quantitatively more stable. In different countries, the ratio between the degree of differentiation of income and wealth is different, but if the differentiation of income has changed little in recent years, then the differentiation of wealth, according to experts, is growing.


This indirectly confirms that the outpacing growth in the share of income from property is largely the result of inflationary redistribution.


Income differentiation develops under the influence of various factors related to personal achievements or independent of them, having an economic, demographic, sociobiological or political nature. Among the reasons for the uneven distribution of income are: differences in abilities (physical and intellectual), differences in education and qualifications, diligence and motivation, professional initiative and risk appetite, origin, size and composition of the family, property ownership and position in the market, luck, luck and discrimination.


The whole variety of factors influencing the differentiation of income can be conditionally divided into dependent and independent of the personal efforts of income recipients. The boundary between these groups of factors can be more or less flexible: innate abilities and talent may not lead to income growth and find no application, while modest abilities can be developed as a result of education and strong work motivation; possession of property by inheritance can lead both to its increase and to the loss of objects of property and income from it. Factors of differentiation have different effects on the degree of uneven distribution of income. On the whole, incomes are distributed more unevenly by property factors than by labor factors, but the ratio between these factors is different in different countries and at different times.


A comparison of the distribution of income and the distribution of abilities among people shows that income, even from labor, and not from property, is not distributed as evenly as abilities. Rice. 4 illustrates the ratio of differences in income (curve 1) and in abilities (curve 2).


Evidence suggests that the distribution of people by income and ability can be described mathematically using the logarithmically normal distribution curves shown in Fig. 4. Based on the curves of the log-normal distribution, various coefficients of differentiation are calculated. For example, decile coefficients of differentiation show the ratio of incomes of 10% of the lowest and highest income groups and are used to assess income differentiation in world practice and in the Russian Federation. Curve 2 of the distribution of abilities is always more symmetrical than income curve 1. Curve 1 has a right-sided asymmetry, or skewness, which clearly shows a greater differentiation of income than abilities. It is interesting to note that curve 1 accurately describes the distribution of income both in countries with traditional market economies and in countries with administrative-command economies.


All factors of income differentiation that do not depend on personal efforts act as barriers to increasing income status.





Lower groups Upper groups Incomes, abilities


Rice. 4. Income and ability distribution curves


No economic system has succeeded in eliminating inequality in family income and wealth. Even under the conditions of the command system of the USSR, the state was forced to abandon the principles of complete equalization (they were tried to be implemented only during the period of “war communism”) and move on to generating income according to the principle: “From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.” But since people have different abilities, their labor has a different value, and this entails unequal remuneration for labor, that is, a difference in income 1.


Of course, in the USSR, for the vast majority of the population, the differences in income levels were much smaller than now in the Russian Federation, but, nevertheless, they existed: someone bought an export version of a Zhiguli or a Volga, at the same time in all schools, parents' committees were forced to raise money to buy school uniforms for children from poor families. In addition, in order to enlist the support of the state and party apparatus, the country's leadership encouraged their employees with "non-monetary income" - that is, the right to purchase scarce goods at reduced prices in the so-called "closed distributors". The result of this was a sharp - but, as it were, disguised - difference in real incomes and wealth of families 2 .


With the equalizing principles of income generation, additional sources that generate inequality in our country were the insufficient unity of the country's consumer market, that is, the unequal availability of all types of goods for all population groups, the unequal purchasing power of the national currency, the presence of different types of in-kind privileges.


It must be remembered that the so-called principle of distribution according to work, over time, creates the basis for the implementation of distribution according to the principle defined as “accumulated property”.


The attitude towards this form of distribution among the population of our country is ambiguous. Inheritance rights in all civilized countries are regarded as natural human rights. This way of generating income and property is protected by the state and should not cause a negative reaction from society. The negative attitude of the population is associated with illegal forms of formation or accumulation of capital, property, which is most typical for the initial stage of the formation of a market economy.


In countries where the main principles of income generation were the labor nature of their receipt and an egalitarian approach, legal forms of income sources have a narrow interpretation; opportunities for rapid growth in income, property were limited. Hence the sharply negative attitude of the population towards large and rapidly growing property and capital.


The formation of a market economic system and the formation on this basis of a layer of owners will inevitably increase the influence of the principle of distribution according to accumulated property. At the same time, the formation of the total income of the population will contribute to the growth of income differentiation and social stratification of society, the formation of a layer not only of the rich, but also of the poor, which will require active state intervention to overcome social tension.


Changes in the incomes of the population and the stratification of society lead to the most negative consequences. Layers of people are being created who are below the poverty line, which is unacceptable in a developed society. There is a moral stratification of society into "us" and "them", the commonality of goals, interests, a sense of healthy patriotism is lost. As a result of the division of society, the population of regions and individual citizens into rich and poor, interregional and even interethnic contradictions arise, which leads to the destruction of the unity of Russia. There is an outflow of skilled workers to areas that do not require appropriate knowledge, abroad. As a result, the educational and professional potential of society is deteriorating, science-intensive industries are degrading. As a result of a low standard of living, the labor activity of the population decreases, health deteriorates, and the birth rate decreases, which leads to demographic crises 1 .


Inequality in income and wealth can reach enormous proportions and then it creates a threat to the political and economic stability in the country. Therefore, almost all developed countries of the world are constantly implementing measures to reduce such inequalities.


But first, let's try to figure out why absolute equality in income is also undesirable. The fact is that such an organization of economic life kills people's incentives for productive work. After all, we are all born different and endowed with different abilities, some of which are rarer than others. Therefore, in the national labor market, the demand for such abilities far exceeds the supply. And this leads to an increase in the price of the labor abilities of such people, that is, their income.


However, people with the same type of abilities perform the same duties also in different ways, with different labor productivity and product quality. How to pay for these various results of labor? What is more important - the fact of labor or its result?


If the pay is the same - "on the fact of work", then people who work with greater productivity and are endowed with talents useful to society will be offended. Many of them will stop working at full capacity (why bother if everyone is paid the same?). This means that the effectiveness of their work will drop to the level of the least gifted and hardworking members of society. The result of this will be a decrease in the opportunities for the country's economic progress and a slowdown in the growth of the welfare of all its citizens. It was these consequences of the "equalization" in wages that had an extremely detrimental effect on the economy of the USSR and became one of the main reasons for the gradual cessation of its growth 1 .


Therefore, people have to pay for the activities in different ways. And since the innate ability to work in people is different, and this is still superimposed by differences in acquired qualifications and experience (human capital), the result is significant differences in income levels.


Because of this, a certain income inequality; should be considered normal. Moreover, it is an extremely important tool for encouraging the labor activity of people.


Before turning to the problem of measuring inequality in the distribution of income, it must be said that disposable income is the income of an economic entity received after paying transfers from the state and paying taxes from its personal income. It is disposable income that gives a more accurate idea of ​​the standard of living of the population than personal income.


What is the gap between the rich and the poor? One of the most well-known ways to measure this inequality is the construction of the Lorenz curve, named after the American economist and statistician Max Lorenz. We are talking about a personal, not a functional distribution of income.


Absolute inequality means that 20%, 40%, 60%, etc. of the population do not receive any income, with the exception of one single person, the last in the row (the OF line), who appropriates 100% of the total income. The broken line OE is the line of absolute inequality.





Rice. 5. Lorentz curve


In reality, the actual distribution of income is shown by the line OABCDE. The more this line, or Lorenz curve, deviates from the OE line, the greater the inequality in income distribution. If we divide the shaded area by the area of ​​the OFE triangle, we get an indicator that reflects the degree of inequality in income distribution.


If the area of ​​the unshaded section of the graph is denoted by the letter T, then the following ratio can be obtained:


;


Where G is an indicator that measures the degree of income inequality.


This indicator in economic theory is called the Ginn coefficient, named after the Italian economist and statistician Corrado Gini (1884-1965). Obviously, the greater the deviation of the Lorenz curve from the bisector, the greater the area of ​​the figure T, and, consequently, the more the Gini coefficient will approach 1. It should be noted that this coefficient cannot be equal to either one or zero, because a civilized market economy excludes such extremes due to the purposeful redistribution of income. It is interesting to compare the value of this coefficient in countries with developed market economies and in Russia. So, in the early 80s, the coefficient was: in Japan 0.270, Sweden 0.291, Germany - 0.295, USA - 0.329, Brazil 0.565.


3. WELFARE OF THE SOCIETY AND CRITERIA FOR ITS DETERMINATION


Improving the well-being of the population is the most important task of social policy. Along with the concept of "people's welfare", it is expedient to consider the concepts of "conditions", "level" and "quality" of life as independent ones. Living conditions should be understood as the immediate objective circumstances of the life of the population (employment, wages and incomes, forms of resettlement, the nature of housing and property security of families, the development of public funds and social infrastructure).


The standard of living is a set of living conditions of the country's population, corresponding to the achieved level of its economic development. The main feature of the socio-economic category "standard of living" is the nature and extent of the realization of the needs not only of the population as a whole, but also of individual groups. The definition of lifestyle as a way of activity is based on the orientation of the behavior of a person, a team, a social community, associated with their goals (for example, a passive lifestyle is opposed to an active one). The standard of living is characterized by such indicators as: average monthly accrued wages of those working in the economy; monetary incomes on average per capita per month; the average size of assigned pensions; subsistence minimum per capita per month; the number of people with cash incomes below the subsistence level; correlation with the subsistence level of average per capita income, average monthly accrued wages, the average size of the assigned monthly pension; the ratio of monetary incomes of 10% of the most and 10% of the poorest population 1 .


The quality of life covers and characterizes the entire range of its properties, extends to all its aspects, reflects the satisfaction of people with the material and spiritual benefits provided to them, reflects the security, comfort, convenience of living conditions, their adaptability to modern requirements, painlessness and life expectancy. Simply put, quality of life is how well people live. When we say "quality of life", we do not mean any one indicator, a measure, expressed in a quantitative, numerical form. Quality is a generalized concept, usually expressed by the words "high", "average", "satisfactory", "low", "unsatisfactory" by analogy with those verbal assessments that characterize students' knowledge. But unlike the assessment of the quality of knowledge, the quality of life is not usually expressed in numbers, fives, fours, threes, twos.


The concept of "standard of living" to a greater extent characterizes a quantitative measure of the well-being of people and is most often characterized by quantitative, numerical indicators. The standard of living is difficult to express with a single criterion, a single measure. To characterize the standard of living of people, one has to resort to a number of indicators.


What are the main, most widely used measures of the standard of living in economic practice?


The structure and level of consumption of the main types of goods and services in physical terms per person or per family of four per year, or the measure of the provision of a person and family with consumer goods, serve as the most important indicators of the standard of living of the population of a country, region or certain social groups (urban and rural population, young and old, men and women, employed and unemployed). Accordingly, when assessing the standard of living, indicators of annual consumption of food, clothing, shoes per person or family, provision with living space, furniture, durable goods, and household items for household use are used. In addition, indicators are used that characterize the provision of the population with schools, kindergartens, medical services (say, the number of doctors or hospital beds per thousand people), consumer services, laundries, hairdressers, baths, canteens 1 .


Among the widely accepted indicators of the standard of living are the monetary income of the population per person or family. Monthly income is usually measured. It is important that the monthly income exceeds the so-called subsistence minimum, calculated on the basis of each person's consumption of the minimum necessary set of goods and services, called the "consumer basket". The cost of living significantly depends on prices, therefore, in conditions of inflation, it is constantly changing. In Russia in 2003
the subsistence minimum amounted to an average of 1900 rubles. People whose consumption is below the subsistence level are said to be living "below the poverty line". In Russia in 2003, more than 30% of the population had incomes below the subsistence level.


Along with monetary income, the standard of living is affected by the so-called public goods or public consumption funds, which include goods and services provided by the state to the population free of charge or for a limited fee, either in kind or in the form of special payments - transfers. In countries with a centralized economy, health care and education can be completely free, partially - services of culture, physical culture, to some extent - food and recreation for certain groups, categories of the population (for example, free school breakfasts, distribution of free milk for hazardous work). In market economies there is an extensive range of public goods, but most often the goods or services are free or partially paid for certain categories of consumers with low incomes.


The standard of living of people is also characterized by their property and monetary accumulations (property qualifications and monetary savings). After all, those with low incomes now may have had high incomes in the past and accumulate significant wealth that allows them to live well on low incomes. Therefore, in order to judge the standard of living of a person, it is not enough to study his declaration of income, one must also add to it a declaration of property and savings.


Very specific indicators of the standard of living are child and general mortality, morbidity and average life expectancy. For example, the average life expectancy for men in Russia in 2000 was about 60 years, and for women - 72 years, which is several years lower, check
in Sweden, the USA and a number of other countries 1 .


The amount of free time that a person has the right to use at his own choice and discretion is also considered as a determining indicator of the level and quality of life. Most often, free time is compared with working or full time. A certain idea of ​​the standard of living of those employed in production can be obtained from the length of the working week. So, a forty-hour work week is considered quite acceptable, and a thirty-five-hour work week (seven working hours a day with two days off) is desirable.


If we judge the standard of living of people by their current consumption, then the most significant influence on it in a saturated, deficit-free market is played by income and prices. After all, the higher the income and the lower the prices, the more goods, benefits, services a consumer can purchase with his income. But such a conclusion is valid only in conditions where income growth is accompanied by an adequate growth in the physical mass of goods and services available to the consumer for purchase for money.


In the context of a decline in production and a high level of inflation, it is extremely difficult to judge the standard of living of the population on the basis of studying changes in income and prices, and conclusions can be erroneous. If all the goods produced and purchased through imports are consumed by the population, then it is obvious that the average level of consumption per person is equal to the physical quantity of the consumed goods divided by the number of consumers, and does not depend at all on either income or prices.


For example, if Russia produces and purchases 7.5 million tons of meat per year with a population of 150 million, then it is clear that the annual consumption per person will be 7.5 x 1000/150 = 50 kg. Of course, those who have high incomes or the ability to purchase meat at a low price will be able to consume more than 50 kg, but then others will get less, there will be differentiation in consumption, while the average level will not change.


Once again, we recall the harsh truth that it is impossible to consume more than what is received, because the inexorable law of conservation of matter operates. So if we want to increase the consumption of the entire population, then there is only one way - to increase production. And to some extent by importing some goods at the expense of exporting others. By increasing income without increasing production, and even more so in the conditions of its decline, one can get one and only result - rising prices, inflation, and an increase in domestic and external public debt. No increase in the standard of living can be achieved in this way.


Estimates of the level and quality of life change in time and space. What 20 - 30 years ago was considered as a high standard of living, today can only slightly exceed the "poverty line". What looks like poverty for a European may be the most rational way of life for the indigenous people of Africa or the Arctic. This confirms the sad experience of the "introduction" of European or American civilization into the life and culture of the small peoples of the North. Thus, any comparison of the level and quality of life, especially in the international aspect, must certainly take into account the above circumstances 1 .


In this regard, we note that Russia will be in a rather difficult situation for at least another decade, when the social expectations of the population are significantly overestimated compared to the economic capabilities of society. Hence the danger of sharp social conflicts is great. Therefore, the choice of directions and mechanisms for the implementation of social policy for Russia is now of particular importance.


It should be clarified that the subsistence minimum is the level of income that ensures the acquisition of a set of goods and services necessary to ensure human life at a certain level of socio-economic development of the country and the existing needs of the population. The living wage is a "reference point" in order to have an idea of ​​the level of well-being of the population. The subsistence minimum represents the cost of mandatory payments and fees, as well as the cost of the consumer basket, which, in turn, is the minimum set of food, non-food products and services necessary to maintain human health and ensure its vital activity.


Characterizing the essence of the quality of life as a socio-economic category, it is necessary to emphasize a number of its features 1 .


Firstly, the quality of life is an extremely broad, multifaceted, multifaceted concept, incomparably broader than the “standard of living”. This is a category that goes far beyond economics. This is primarily a sociological category, covering all spheres of society, since they all contain the life of people and its quality.


Secondly, the quality of life has two sides: objective and subjective. The criterion for an objective assessment of the quality of life is the scientific standards of the needs and interests of people, in relation to which one can objectively judge the degree of satisfaction of these needs and interests.


On the other hand, the needs and interests of people are individual and the degree of their satisfaction can only be assessed by the subjects themselves. They are not fixed by any statistical values ​​and practically exist only in the minds of people and, accordingly, in their personal opinions and assessments. Thus, the assessment of the quality of life appears in two forms:


1. the degree of satisfaction of evidence-based needs and interests;
   

   satisfaction with the quality of life of the people themselves.
   

Thirdly, the quality of life is not a category separated from other socio-economic categories, but unites many of them, includes them in a qualitative aspect.


So, the components of the quality of life are the way of life, and the standard of living, and the environment, enriched with qualitative assessments. For example, when characterizing the quality of life, one should not limit oneself to assessing nutrition by its nutritional value (calorie content, gram content of proteins, fats). It is impossible to bypass such qualities of food as its regularity, variety, taste properties. When characterizing the quality of working life, one cannot limit oneself (as in the analysis of the standard of living) to indicators of employment, unemployment, length of the working day, week, year, level of industrial injuries, but it is necessary to assess the conformity with the interests of workers of the content and nature of labor, its intensity, relationships within the labor collective and others


The quality of life is the degree of development and completeness of satisfaction of the whole complex of needs and interests of people, manifested both in various types of activities and in the very sense of life. The problem of the quality of life includes the conditions, results and nature of work, demographic, ethnographic and environmental aspects of people's existence. There are legal and political aspects in this problem related to rights and freedoms, behavioral and psychological aspects, a general ideological and cultural background.


As for well-being in general, it is a kind of synthesis that generalizes the idea of ​​a social organism, including all of the above aspects.


Achieving the highest possible quality of life for the population is a priority goal of the social market economy. One of the most important prerequisites for the implementation of this task is the implementation of an effective policy for the welfare of the population. The central place in the welfare policy is occupied by the incomes of the population, their differentiation, and the constant growth of the standard of living of citizens.


4. SOCIAL POLICY OF THE STATE. FEATURES OF THE SOCIAL POLICY OF THE STATE IN MODERN RUSSIA


4.1. The essence of the social policy of the state


In the XX and early XXI centuries. in industrialized countries, concepts and doctrines are increasingly spreading that entrust the state with the task of ensuring such human rights as the right to a certain standard of well-being. The theory and practice of the “social market economy”, which means broad social measures carried out by the state, is gaining particular popularity. Thus, in real life, the distribution of income in countries with a market economy is carried out as a result of the free play of market forces, but also on the basis of state regulation of various income streams through their redistribution.


From the point of view of the functioning of the economic system, social policy plays a dual role. It is with economic growth that the creation of favorable conditions in the social sphere becomes the main goal of economic activity, that is, the goals of economic growth are concentrated in social policy. In addition, social policy is also a factor in economic growth. At the same time, if economic growth is not accompanied by an increase in welfare, then people lose incentives for effective economic activity. The higher the level of economic development achieved, the higher the requirements for people who ensure economic growth, for their knowledge, culture, and so on. And this, in turn, requires further development of the social sphere.


The main principles of social policy implementation include: 1) protection of living standards by introducing various forms of compensation in case of price increases and indexation; 2) providing assistance to the poorest families; 3) issuance of assistance in case of unemployment; 4) ensuring the social insurance policy, setting the minimum wage; 5) development of education, protection of health, environment, mainly at the expense of the state; 6) conducting an active policy aimed at ensuring qualifications 1 .


In market conditions, the main conductor of social policy in life is the state.


State social policy is a purposeful activity of the state, which aims to weaken the differentiation of incomes, mitigate contradictions between participants in a market economy and prevent social conflicts on economic grounds. Through state social policy in a market economy, the principle of social justice is implemented, which implies a certain measure of leveling the position of citizens, the creation of a system of social guarantees and equal starting conditions for all segments of the population 1 .


As is known, the nature and content of social policy depend on the degree of state intervention in the management of social processes; from this, all types of state social policy that have developed today in developed countries can be divided into two groups.


The first can be conditionally called residual - in this case, social policy performs functions that the market is not able to perform. This is a social policy limited in scope and coverage, predominantly passive and compensatory in nature, the conceptual foundations of which are formed under the influence of the ideas of conservatism. A typical representative of this option (with a certain degree of conventionality) is the American model.


The second group is institutional . Here, social policy plays a crucial role in providing the population with social services and is seen as a more effective means in socio-economic and political terms than the system of private institutions. This is a more constructive and redistributive policy. From a conceptual point of view, this group is most influenced by the social-democratic ideology, and its typical representative (also conditionally) is the Swedish version of the welfare state.


The two groups differ not in the presence
or the absence of certain components, but their ratio, as well as the degree of state intervention in the social sphere, the role of redistribution processes, the degree of priority of social problems in the activities of the state.


In all other countries of the world, the social role of the state is in the range
between these two groups.


Practice is more varied. Thus, in Belgium the level of state social expenditures is very high, but the social policy is predominantly passive, compensatory. The Scandinavian countries are predominantly social democratic, but their social sphere is by no means free from liberal elements. There are also no liberal regimes of a pure type. All European states with social market economies developed under the influence of both liberal and social democratic impulses. In recent years, there has been a further convergence of the main characteristics of various types of state social policy, especially with regard to the ideology of its development prospects.


The following conclusions can be drawn from the social practice of countries with developed market economies 1 .


1. The degree of social support of the population, first of all, it concerns the free or preferential provision of socially significant goods and services (education, health care, culture), is not a direct function of the level of economic development, although, of course, it depends on it.


2. There is a direct relationship between the level of many social indicators of the development of the nation and the scale of the state's redistributive activities - this, in particular, is confirmed by numerous studies of international organizations in recent years (for example, calculations of the index of developed human potential).


3. Society is always faced with a choice - the growth of personal income (low taxes and other withdrawals from personal income) or an increase in the level of satisfaction on preferential terms of the socially significant needs of the whole society (or a significant part of it).


4. The ideology of state policy in the social sphere in relation to the central issue - the degree of state intervention in the social sphere - undergoes cyclical changes not only depending on the economic opportunities of society, but also in accordance with the reaction of the mass voter to changes in policy affecting his interests.


For all countries, the "golden period" in the development of the social activities of the state was the 60-70s. During these years of the most favorable development, the share of spending on social purposes in the gross national product in the US and the developed countries of Europe doubled and reached in the early 80s: 21% - in the US; 24% - in England; 30% - in France; 31.5% - in Germany; more than a third - in Sweden and Denmark. In the 1980s, the pendulum swung the other way. During these years, in all developed countries there was a revision of the scale, forms of organization and financing of social programs. The reasons for the revision are usually the same - the need to increase the flexibility of providing payments, strengthening their ability to meet needs, expanding consumer choice, reducing the state's presence in the economy and society, and strengthening control over public spending.


Thus, the cyclic change of priorities in the social policy of developed countries led to a redistribution of funds between individual items of social spending, but, as a rule, did not affect the major social achievements of the previous development, the share of spending on social needs in GDP also did not undergo significant changes. In most countries, the financial crisis in the social sphere was overcome in one way or another thanks to some spending cuts, a number of protectionist measures, increased tax discipline, and other measures.


In the mid-1990s, we can again talk about the reverse movement of the pendulum, the public choice in most countries dictates the need for a new revision of the social role of the state in the direction of its strengthening.


Our country traditionally belongs to the type of states with a strong role of the state in the social sphere. If we do not talk about the lower material and institutional levels, then the system of social guarantees and social protection of the population that had developed in Russia at the beginning of economic transformations, on the whole, corresponded to the principles of the social market economy. From the point of view of the criteria of a market economy, the social role of the state was excessively paternalistic, although it ensured the satisfaction of a wide range of comprehensively regulated needs, but it constrained personal initiative and suppressed the desire of citizens to solve their own welfare problems on their own.


From the point of view of the functioning of the economic system, social policy plays a dual role 1 .


1) With economic growth, the accumulation of national wealth, the creation of favorable social conditions for citizens becomes the main goal of economic activity, and in this sense, the goals of economic growth are concentrated in social policy; all other aspects of economic development are beginning to be considered as means of implementing social policy.


2) Social policy is a factor in economic growth and is not accompanied by an increase in welfare, then people lose incentives for effective economic activity. At the same time, the higher the level of economic development achieved, the higher the requirements for people, culture, physical and moral development. In turn, this requires further development of the social sphere.


Social policy is carried out on different conditions of economic activity. So, we can talk about the social policy of the company (corporation) in relation to its staff, about regional and national social policy. Given the close interconnection of the modern world, we can talk about state social policy (for example, in solving global environmental problems, overcoming socio-economic groups of countries and even continents).


4.2. Features of the social policy of the state in Russia


For a number of reasons, at the initial stage of radical economic reforms in Russia, the main emphasis was placed on the financial recovery of the economy and macroeconomic stabilization. The social sphere and its problems were relegated to the background. As a result, the population of Russia faced a sharp drop in living standards against the backdrop of increased social differentiation of society.


The rise in prices in 1992 for consumer goods was 26-fold. At the same time, the monetary incomes of the population increased by about 10 times, including wages by 12 times. Accordingly, consumer spending decreased, which could not but affect the real incomes of the population. The fall in real incomes, in turn, led not only to a reduction in the consumption of basic products, but also to a deterioration in the structure of consumption.


The fall in living standards was accompanied by social differentiation of society, including wages. Thus, the earnings of the 10% of the highest paid workers were 4 times higher than the earnings of the 10% of the least paid before 1991, 11 times in March 1992, and 16 times in September. The number of people living below the "poverty line" has increased significantly, which, according to state statistics, by the end of 1992 amounted to almost a third of the population. “The middle class, which serves as the main stabilizer of social tension, in essence, has not yet formed.


Measures to financially support state enterprises, carried out in the second half of 1992, stopped mass unemployment caused by the bankruptcy of enterprises. However, the situation on the labor market gradually deteriorated.


The problem of labor protection has become aggravated. The demographic situation has noticeably worsened. The process of population depopulation began. Due to the aggravation of social problems in the country, the social orientation of the reforms has been strengthened.


As a result of the reforms, the social and labor sphere has acquired a new quality. Institutional innovations have influenced, firstly, the emergence of fundamentally new areas and types of activities and, secondly, the formation of a new structure of possible sources of income. The most radical was the legal and real registration of the institution of private property, which resulted in: - the formation and development of a new sector of the economy and, accordingly, the creation of new jobs; the formation of a new source of income - entrepreneurial and property income in its most diverse forms.


The multiplicity of forms of labor activity, especially the development of individual labor activity, has led to an increase in self-employment of the population. In connection with the liberalization of customs policy and trade rules, the so-called "shuttle" business has received the greatest scope. The removal of restrictions on secondary employment has also expanded the range of income sources.


The policy of artificial maintenance of the current level of employment or slow growth of unemployment, carried out on the basis of the use of preferential credit regimes and subsidies for unprofitable industries, inevitably leads to the emergence and reproduction of high latent unemployment. In Russia, its two forms are most widespread: sending employees on forced unpaid (or partially paid) leave and the use of various part-time work regimes.


The existence of large hidden unemployment is due to a conscious choice at the macroeconomic level. The negative economic and social consequences of this phenomenon are well known: the conservation of a large number of inefficient jobs, the decline in real incomes of the formally employed population, the weakening of incentives for highly productive work, etc. However, from the point of view of specific government functions, this achieves another, less obvious effect. : if, within the framework of today's legislation, the registered unemployed become an object of social protection, then as a result of the choice made, several million people who are formally employed, but deprived of a permanent source of labor income, find themselves outside the social assistance system and, in principle, are not the object of state social policy.


The dependence of the employment sector on the macroeconomic situation and changes in the structure of production in a market-type economy determines the subordinate position of labor market policy in relation to the policy of financial and economic structures of the Russian government. Its social "bloc" (including the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation, the Federal Employment Service, the Federal Migration Service, etc.) has virtually no ability to directly influence the scale of employment and unemployment. Its prerogatives include only normative support and operational regulation of specific processes in the labor market.


The change in the economic situation in the country necessitated the creation of a legal framework that would regulate the behavior of all economic entities in the labor market. Despite the fact that the Law on Employment is the first legal act, the norms of which are basically adequate to the emerging market relations, some of its articles and the implementation mechanism have led to a number of social problems. The social and economic situation of today's unemployed is extremely contradictory. The norms of social protection of the unemployed introduced by the Law on Employment are at first glance quite liberal: the minimum length of service sufficient to receive benefits is only 12 weeks for the previous year, the amount of unemployment benefits is guaranteed not lower than the minimum wage, and rather high thresholds for the benefit scale are defined. However, with the current inflationary dynamics, the real content of these payments is rapidly depreciating and the benefits are not able to effectively perform the function of maintaining the income of the unemployed at an acceptable level, which nullifies the efforts to provide social protection to this category of people.


From the point of view of stabilizing the labor market, special hopes were placed on the implementation of the idea of ​​social partnership and the regulation of employment on the basis of collective and individual labor contracts.


The first experience in this direction was the General Agreement for 1992, concluded between the government of the Russian Federation, the Russian association of trade unions and associations of entrepreneurs, which reflected the main directions for promoting employment and developing the labor market 1 . In the conditions of mass release of tariff agreements provides a number of guarantees for them: sending them to retraining or mastering another profession with a break from production with payment of the difference between the scholarship and the average salary at the place of the last job; protection of the interests of workers during the period of mass layoffs by public organizations (trade unions); the priority right of an employee temporarily transferred to another enterprise to be reinstated in his previous position upon completion of reconstruction, and others.


For at least another decade, Russia will be in a rather difficult situation, when the social expectations of the population are significantly overestimated compared to the economic possibilities of society. Hence the danger of sharp social conflicts is great. Therefore, the choice of directions and mechanisms for the implementation of social policy for Russia is now of particular importance.


Social policy cannot be seen as an exclusively economic problem. Economic science, as the subject of its research in the field of social policy, focuses on the economic mechanisms of its implementation. In a market economy, these include primarily mechanisms for generating income and maintaining employment.


CONCLUSION


The total income of the population, their level, structure, methods of obtaining and differentiation are indicators of the economic and social well-being of society. Their distribution has a pronounced socio-political coloring, predetermining property and social differentiation.


The distribution of income is closely related to the distribution of resources. Through the differentiation of incomes in social life, those relationships that are hidden behind the distribution of resources are manifested. All economic processes take place in a certain social environment; therefore, the distinction between the economic and social aspects of social interaction systems is conditional and abstract. An analysis of the distribution of production results in the form of income distribution makes it possible to assess whether society correctly solves the question “for whom?”.


The traditional dispute between supporters and opponents of state regulation in the field of distribution comes down to the problem of the relationship between efficiency and equity. The formulation of the problem of equality inevitably involves us in the sphere of value judgments, which are the basis of the so-called normative economic theory. Normative economics aims to describe ideal (from the point of view of various worldview systems) models of social structure. Positive economic theory studies pre-existing systems of relationships. The unity and difference between positive and normative economics is most evident in the debate over the relationship between equity and efficiency. It is generally accepted that, in carrying out the efficient allocation of limited resources, the market makes “mistakes” in the distribution of income. This by no means indisputable assertion, wandering through the pages of textbooks, is based on the fact that economic efficiency is artificially separated from its social content.


State regulation of the economy is aimed at increasing the efficiency of social production, ensuring social justice and stability. That area of ​​state regulation, which is called social, must satisfy all three of these goals. This chapter analyzes the processes of formation of aggregate incomes of the population and the role of state intervention in their regulation. Most economists believe that uneven distribution of income, or the division between rich and poor, is a stable phenomenon that persists even against the backdrop of a significant increase in living standards. Can government intervention reduce the shameful poverty for society, and what price will have to be paid for this? What will the public choice be based on: economic or political decision-making? Theoretically, it is impossible to correctly determine what part of social income should be redistributed in favor of the poorest. Both economic and political decision-making processes do not guarantee the absence of miscalculations.
Russia in figures // Goskomstat. M., 2002.

Shestakova E. Reforming the system of social protection of the population in the countries of Eastern Europe // Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1999. No. 1. pp. 45-53.

taxes

A tax is a means forcibly collected by the state or local authorities from individuals and legal entities necessary for the state to carry out its functions on the basis of state legislation.

Tax functions:

fiscal- the state forms monetary forms

economic- use of taxes as a redistribution of national income

tax time is the tax amount. It depends on the tax base.

The tax base is the amount on which the tax is levied.

tax rates- This is the amount in which the tax is levied.

Types of bets:

hard- set in absolute amount per unit of income

proportional- operates without tax differentiation. Those. The more goods, the more tax.

progressive- the higher the income, the higher the tax

Reduce tax as income rises

By solvency:

straight- collected from income, paid by a specific person (tax income, tape tax)

indirect- mandatory payments included in the price of goods (VAT and excises)

The tax system includes payments levied by the state, taxes, fees, duties, as well as methods for their construction.

State regulation- this is the process of interaction of the state on the economic life of society and the social processes associated with it, during which the economic and social policy of the state is implemented, based on a certain concept

The need for government regulation arises when:

Monopolies can arise in the markets, which affects the well-being of the population

The presence of numerous goods that are vital to society, which are either not offered by the market or are not available in sufficient quantities in the existing market

Environmental pollution by business entities

Incomplete markets for insurance services (medical, pension)

imperfection of information

During periods of crisis and depression, unemployment, inflation and economic imbalance are monitored

Uneven distribution of income that endangers social stability

Availability of compulsory goods and services (primary necessities and primary education), which society can only be forced to consume by the state and not by the market

Goals of state regulation:

higher- formation of favorable conditions for the formation of economic development and social stability

second order goals- creation of favorable institutional conditions for increasing profits and developing competition

third order goals- characteristic of each country, depending on its development, national characteristics and traditions

Means of state regulation:

Administrative legal (fines and court)

Public finances - formation of the state budget

Monetary tools

State property that affects the pace and proportions of economic development

External economic tools (with the help of duties and fees, trade volumes, migration of capital and labor are regulated)

Population income- these are the amounts of money and material goods received or produced by households for a certain period of time

The role of income is determined by the fact that the level of consumption of the population directly depends on the level of income

Cash income- these are all cash receipts in the form of remuneration of employees, income from entrepreneurial activities, pensions, scholarships, various allowances and income from property in the form of interest and dividends, from the sale of agricultural products and various products, income from services rendered to the side , insurance indemnities, income from the sale of foreign currency and social transfers.

material income- products produced by households for their own consumption

Income classification:

total income is the total amount of income from all sources of income

nominal income is cash income regardless of taxation and price changes

disposable income- nominal income minus taxes and obligatory payments

real- nominal income, taking into account changes in retail prices and tariffs

real disposable income- this is the cash income of the current period minus mandatory payments and contributions adjusted for the consumer price index

Salary- the price of labor services provided to employees.

nominal salary- money received by an employee of a certain qualification for a certain period of time

real wage- this is the nominal salary, taking into account the movement of retail prices

income differentiation- the difference in the level of income per capita or one employed.

Income inequality is characteristic of all economic systems.

The following indicators are used to quantify income differentiation:

Lawrence curve

Quinte coefficient - it expresses the ratio between the average income of 20% and the highest paid 20%. This ratio goes to the bottom 20%.

Population income concentration index - Ginny index - this index serves to characterize the distribution of total income between population groups. The stronger the inequality, the closer the coefficient is to one.

State income policy is part of social policy. It aims to solve two main tasks:

Providing direct assistance to the most needy segments of the population through the social security system

Neutralization of inflationary depreciation of income

State policy is to redistribute income through the state budget by differentiating the taxation of various groups of the population.

State policy methods:

Distribution of cash income (the upper nominal salary limit is set)

Income indexation - protecting income from inflation through income increases

Supporting the Poor with Benefits and Grants

The standard of living of the population implies the provision of the population with the benefits of life. It consists of a system of indicators recommended by the UN.

Birth rate, death rate

Sanitary and hygienic living conditions

Consumption of food products

Living conditions

Education and culture

Working conditions and employment

Incomes and expenditures of the population

Cost of living and consumer prices

Vehicles

Recreation organization

Social Security

Human freedom

POLITICS AND ETHNOPOLICY

UDC 304.42 DOI: 10.22394/2079-1690-2017-1-4-128-132

MONEY INCOMES OF THE POPULATION AS A COMPONENT PART OF THE SOCIAL POLICY OF THE STATE

Alexander

Nikolaevich

Ponedelkov

Alexander

Vasilevich

Vorontsov

Alexeyevich

Goloborodko

Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation (119571, Russia, Moscow, Vernadsky Ave., 82). Email: [email protected]

Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Political Science and Ethnopolitics, South Russian Institute of Management - a branch of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation (344002, Russia, Rostov-on-Don, st. Pushkinskaya, 70/54], E-mail: [email protected]

Doctor of Law, Professor of the Department of Procedural

law, South-Russian Institute of Management - branch of the Russian

academy of national economy and public service

under the President of the Russian Federation (344002, Russia, Rostov-on-Don,

st. Pushkinskaya, 70/54]. Email: [email protected]

Doctor of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Director,

Taganrog Institute named after A.P. Chekhov (branch] RGEU (RINH)

(347936, Russia, Taganrog, st. Initiative, 48).

Email: [email protected]

annotation

The dynamics of changes in the monetary income of the population after the May 2012 decree of the President of the Russian Federation is considered. The main elements of monetary income are analyzed - wages, social payments - pensions, allowances, scholarships, state social guarantees, their correlation with the subsistence minimum.

Key words: cash income, wages, pension, allowance, consumer basket, living wage, social guarantee, scholarship.

Monetary incomes of the population include salaries of employees, social payments - pensions, allowances, scholarships, insurance compensation and other payments, business income, income from property in the form of interest on deposits, securities, dividends, and other income. Real disposable money incomes are determined by dividing the nominal size index that has developed in a certain period of time by the consumer price index for the same time period. Disposable cash income includes cash income, from which mandatory payments and contributions are deducted.

The Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 7, 2012 No. 597 “On Measures for the Implementation of the State Social Policy” provides for an increase in wages by 2018 as an integral part of the monetary income of the population. Therefore, let us consider the dynamics of changes in cash income, taking 2012 as a starting point. Per capita cash income increased from 23,221 rubles. in 2012 to 30,738 in 2016. Real disposable money income as a percentage of the previous year decreased from 105% to 94%. The average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees of organizations increased from 26,629 rubles. ($936] to RUB 36,746 ($549).

employees' wages as a percentage of the previous year decreased from 108% to 101%. The average size of assigned pensions increased from 9,041 to 12,391 rubles. The real size of assigned pensions as a percentage of the previous year became less: it was 105%, it became 97%. Disposable cash income is a guarantee of obtaining loans. Incl. number for social needs (education] .

An important indicator for assessing the level of cash income is the subsistence minimum - the cost estimate of the consumer basket, mandatory payments and fees, which is set per capita and for the three main socio-demographic groups - the working population, pensioners, children. The subsistence minimum in the country as a whole and in the regions is intended to assess the standard of living of the population in the development and implementation of social policy, federal and regional social programs; formation of the federal and regional budget; other purposes established by federal law. In the Russian Federation, it is necessary to justify the minimum wage established at the federal level, to determine the amounts of scholarships, allowances and other social payments established at the federal level. The subsistence minimum in the region is needed to provide the necessary state social assistance to poor citizens. The subsistence minimum is determined quarterly on the basis of the consumer basket and data from the federal executive body on statistics on the level of consumer prices for food products and consumer price indices for food products, non-food products and services, expenses on mandatory payments and fees. The amount of the subsistence minimum for a pensioner in the country for determining the size of the federal social supplement to a pension is established on the basis of the consumer basket and data from the federal executive body on statistics on the level of consumer prices for food annually by the federal law on the federal budget for the corresponding financial year and for the planning period. In the region, the subsistence minimum is established annually by a regional law. A family and a citizen living alone, if their average per capita income is below the regional subsistence level, are considered poor and have the right to receive social support.

The consumer basket is the minimum set of food products, non-food products and services necessary to maintain human health and ensure its vital activity, the cost of which is determined in relation to the cost of the minimum set of food products. The consumer basket is determined at least once every five years. In the regions, the consumer basket is established taking into account natural and climatic conditions, national traditions and local characteristics of the consumption of food products, non-food products and services by the main socio-demographic groups of the population. The consumer basket includes 11 types of food products, 50 percent ratios of the cost of non-food products and services with the cost of food products are established.

From 2012 to 2016, the average subsistence minimum per capita increased from 6,510 to 9,828 rubles. . As a percentage of the previous year, it became less: it was 102%, it became 101%. The amount of the subsistence minimum for a pensioner to establish a social supplement to a pension was increased from 5,564 to 8,803 rubles. The ratio with the subsistence level of average per capita cash incomes (357% and 313%), the average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees of organizations (378% and 347%), the average size of pensions (177% and 153%) has decreased. The population with cash incomes is lower the subsistence minimum increased from 15.4 million to 19.8 million, as a percentage of the total population - from 10.7% to 13.5%. rubles, including the able-bodied population - 11,163, pensioners - 8,506, children - 10,160. 20,819, Kamchatka Territory - 19,580, Voronezh Region - 8,581, Tatarstan - 8,568, Mordovia - 8,441.

An important component of the population's income is wages. The President of the Russian Federation instructed the Government to ensure wage increases by 2018. The Decree of the President provides:

Increase in real wages by 1.4 - 1.5 times;

Bringing the average salary of teachers and masters of industrial training of educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, workers of cultural institutions to the average salary in the region;

Raising the average salary of doctors, teachers of educational institutions of higher professional education and researchers up to 200% of the average salary in the region.

Increase in the average salary of social workers, including social workers of medical organizations, junior medical personnel (personnel providing conditions for the provision of medical services), paramedical (pharmaceutical] personnel (personnel providing conditions for the provision of medical services] - up to 100% of the average salary wages in the region, employees of medical organizations with a higher medical (pharmaceutical] or other higher education, providing medical services (providing the provision of medical services] - up to 200% of the average salary in the region.

In the first half of 2017, the average monthly accrued nominal salary of one employee in the organization amounted to 38,675 rubles. . Taking into account natural resources, geographical, industrial, economic, social and other factors, the gap in wages across regions is significant. Its largest size was in the Yamalo-Nenets (92,183 rubles), Chukotka (90,933), Nenets (75,013] Autonomous Okrug, Moscow (79,929), Magadan Region (70,627). the payment was in Kabardino-Balkaria (20,914), Dagestan (21,130), Altai Territory (21,750). The long-term problem of overdue wage arrears of employees of organizations remains unresolved. As of July 1, 2017, it amounted to 3 billion 207.7 million rubles , including in Primorsky Krai - 479.1 million, Khabarovsk - 130.7 million, Kemerovo region - 254.5 million In 10 regions there were no wage arrears. the number of unemployed according to sample surveys of the labor force amounted to 3 million 946.9 thousand people, 5.2% of the labor force registered with the public employment service - 815.7 thousand. For 2017, the minimum unemployment benefit was set at 850 rub. and the maximum value is 4.9 thousand.

The composition of the monetary income of the population by sources of formation includes income from entrepreneurial activities (in 2012 9.4%, 2015 - 7.9%), wages of employees, including social payments (40% and 38.3% ], social payments (18.3% and 18.2%], property income (5.1% and 6.2%), other cash receipts (27.1% and 29.3%]. . In the structure of social payments to the population, the share of pensions was 69.4% and 71.4%, respectively, benefits and social assistance - 26.4% and 24.5%, scholarships - 0.8% and 0.8%, insurance compensation - 3.4% and 3.3% In the structure of benefits paid, 1.8% and 1.5% accounted for unemployment benefits and material assistance, 7.7% and 8.1% - temporary disability benefits, 16.7% and 28. 1% - maternal and child benefits, 53.1% and 51.6% - cash payments to certain categories of citizens, 20.7% and 10.7% - other benefits and compensation.

The number of pensioners increased from 40 million 573 thousand to 42 million 729 thousand, the number of pensioners per 1000 people - from 283 to 291.6, the share of the number of working pensioners in the total number of pensioners - from 33.7% to 35 .7%. The average size of assigned pensions increased from 9,041 to 11,986 rubles. In 2016, the average old-age insurance pension, taking into account the fixed payment, was 13.1 thousand. In January 2017, all pensioners received a one-time cash payment in the amount of 5 thousand rubles. In 2017, the average annual insurance old-age pension will be 13,655 rubles. The ratio of the average size of assigned pensions to the subsistence level of a pensioner decreased from 176.5% to 150.5%, with the average amount of accrued wages increased from 33.9% to 35.2%. From January 1, 2018, pensions for non-working pensioners will be indexed by 3.7%, from April 1, social pension - by 4.1%, from February 1, monthly social payments - by 3.2%. There is no indexation of pensions for working pensioners. It is assumed that after the termination of employment, the pension will be indexed for the missed years.

The number of non-state pension funds decreased from 134 to 102, the number of participants - from 6 million 781.5 thousand to 5 million 806.7 thousand. The number of recipients of non-state pensions increased from 1 million 537.1 thousand people to 1 million 556.7 thousand. It was 3.8% of the total

the number of pensioners became 3.6%. The amount of pension payments on average per month per recipient increased from 1,987 to 2,641 rubles.

The legislation establishes the main social guarantees - the minimum wage, allowances, scholarships, a fixed payment to the insurance pension. The minimum wage increased from 4,611 to 6,852 rubles, as a percentage of the previous year - from 98.1% to 107.3%. . In relation to the subsistence minimum, it decreased from 67.5% to 59%. . Since July 1, 2017, it has been set in the amount of 7.8 thousand rubles. . In 2018, it will be increased to 9,489 rubles, which will be 85% of the subsistence minimum for the second quarter of 2017, from the beginning of 2019 it should be equal to 100% of the subsistence minimum for the working population. . In 2018, the cost of its increase will amount to 26.2 billion rubles in the public sector, 17.1 billion in business, and 43.9 billion and 28.8 billion in 2019, respectively. The increase will affect 4 million people, including 1.6 million public sector employees who have wages below the subsistence level of the able-bodied population.

The amounts of allowances and scholarships are small, with the exception of the state certificate for maternity (family] capital (453,026 rubles). for burial - 5,277, a monthly allowance for a child of a military serviceman undergoing military service on conscription - 10,528.2, a birth certificate - 11,000, a one-time allowance for the birth of a child and a one-time allowance for transferring a child to a family - 15,512 each 7 rubles A one-time allowance to the pregnant wife of a conscripted military serviceman was paid in the amount of 24,565.9 rubles Correlation with the subsistence level of the monthly allowance for the period of leave to care for a child until he reaches the age of one and a half years to care for his first child was equal to 30.1% (2,908.6 rubles), for the second and subsequent children - 60.1% (5,817.2), the amount of state academic scholarships for students enrolled in educational programs of higher education - 12.7% ( 1,340], secondary vocational education - 4.6% (487). At the beginning of 2016, the fixed payment to the insurance pension for old age and disability of groups I and II amounted to 4,383.6 rubles. (54.6% of the subsistence minimum), disability group III and on the occasion of the loss of a breadwinner - 2,191.8 (27.3%).

There is a significant differentiation in the monetary incomes of the population. The significant stratification of the population in terms of monetary income is evidenced by such indicators as the distribution of their total volume among various groups of the population, the coefficient of funds (income differentiation coefficient), the Gini coefficient (income concentration index]. The distribution of the total volume of monetary income by various population groups shows the share of the total money income in each of the 20 percent groups of the population, ranked in order of increasing average per capita money income.The first group with the lowest income had 5.2% and 5.3% of money income, respectively, the fifth group with the highest income - 47.6% and 47 ,1% The coefficient of funds (income differentiation coefficient] characterizes the degree of social stratification. It is defined as the ratio between the average levels of monetary incomes of 10% of the population with the highest incomes and 10% of the population with the lowest incomes. The coefficient of funds decreased from 16.4 to 15 .7 times The Gini coefficient (income concentration index] characterizes the degree of deviation of the line of the actual distribution of the total income of the population from the line of their uniform distribution. The value of the coefficient can vary from 0 to 1. The higher the value of the indicator, the more unevenly distributed incomes in society. The Gini coefficient decreased from 0.420 to 0.414.

There have been minor changes in the structure of monetary incomes of the population. Income from entrepreneurial activity decreased from 9.4% in 2012 to 7.8% in 2016, wages - from 65.1% to 64.7%. The share of social payments increased from 18.4% to 19.2%, property income - from 5.1% to 6.3%. Other incomes remained at the same level (2%].

There are significant differences in the monetary incomes of the population in metropolitan areas, cities and rural areas. In May 2017, the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Sociological Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in cooperation with the Moscow office of the F. Ebert Foundation, conducted a survey on a representative all-Russian sample of two thousand respondents living in megacities, urban and rural settlements. . The survey showed that the monthly income per household member was 18,360 rubles, in Moscow and St. Petersburg - 34,976, in cities - 17,341, in rural areas - 13,818.

respectively, 8.3%, 12.1% and 10.9% of the respondents noted their financial situation, deterioration - 41.1%, 35.2% and 32.4%.

Summing up, it should be noted that the analysis of statistical data on the income of the population shows that income policy has not yet become a priority area of ​​state social policy. Similarly, social policy should be considered as one of the main priorities of the state.

Literature

1. Ignatova T.V., Mushenko I.G. Public finances in the public sector regulation system. - Rostov n/a: SKAGS Publishing House, 2004.

2. Russia in numbers. 2017. Statistical collection // http://www.gks.ru.

3. Ignatova T.V., Filimontseva E.M. Educational loans as investments in the professional and labor potential of the population // FES: finance, economics, strategy. 2016. No. 7. S. 29-33.

4. Federal Law of December 3, 2012 No. 227-FZ “On the consumer basket as a whole in the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2012, No. 50 (Part IV), p. 6950.

5. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 19, 2017 No. 1119 “On the establishment of the subsistence minimum per capita and for the main socio-demographic groups of the population as a whole in the Russian Federation for the II quarter of 2017 // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2017. September 25.

6. Main indicators of the socio-economic situation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the first half of 2017 // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2017. September 13.

7. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 8, 2016 No. 1326 “On the size of the minimum and maximum unemployment benefits for 2017” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2016, no. 51, art. 7378.

8. Monetary incomes and expenses of the population in 2011-2015 Statistical bulletin. 2017 // http://www.gks.ru.

9. Russian statistical yearbook. 2016 // http://www.gks.ru.

12. Federal Law of June 19, 2000 No. 82-FZ “On the Minimum Wage” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, No. 26, Art. 2729; 2016, No. 52 (Part V), Art. 7509.

Averin Aleksandr Nikolaevich, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (82, etc. Vernadsky, Moscow, 119571, Russian Federation). Email: [email protected]

Ponedelkov Alexandr Vasilievich, Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Head of Cathedra of Politology and Ethnopolitics; South-Russia Institute of Management - branch of Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. (70/54, Pushkinskaya St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russian Federation). Email: [email protected]

Vorontsov Sergey Alexeevich, Doctor of Legal Science, Professor, Professor of Cathedra of Process Law; South-Russia Institute of Management - branch of Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. (70/54, Pushkinskaya St., Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russian Federation). Email: [email protected]

Goloborodko Andrey Yuryevich, Doctor of Political Science, associate professor, director, Taganrog Institute of A.P. Chekhov (branch) of RGEU (RINH) (48, Initsiativnaya St., Taganrog, 347936, Russian Federation). Email: [email protected]

MONEY INCOMES OF THE POPULATION AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF STATE SOCIAL POLICY

Discusses the dynamics of money incomes of population since the May 2012 year of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation. It analyzes the main elements of the cash income-wages, social benefits-pensions, benefits, scholarships, State social guarantees, their relationship to the cost of living. Keywords: monetary income, wages, pensions, benefits, consumer basket, social guarantee a scholarship.